超对称和弦论(英文版) [Supersymmetry and String Theory]

超对称和弦论(英文版) [Supersymmetry and String Theory] pdf epub mobi txt 电子书 下载 2025

[美] 戴恩 著
图书标签:
  • Supersymmetry
  • String Theory
  • Theoretical Physics
  • Particle Physics
  • Quantum Field Theory
  • High Energy Physics
  • Mathematical Physics
  • Advanced Physics
  • Physics
  • Cosmology
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出版社: 世界图书出版公司
ISBN:9787510005138
版次:1
商品编码:10184594
包装:平装
外文名称:Supersymmetry and String Theory
开本:16开
出版时间:2009-08-01
用纸:胶版纸
页数:515
正文语种:英语

具体描述

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  此版本仅限中华人民共和国境内销售,不包括香港、澳门特别行政区及中国台湾。不得出口。

内容简介

  The Standard Model has reigned triumphant for three decades. For just as long,theorists and experimentalists have speculated about what might lie beyond. Manyof these speculations point to a particular energy scale, the teraelectronvolt (TeV)scale which will be probed for the first time at the LHC. The stimulus for thesestudies arises from the most mysterious - and still missing - piece of the StandardModel: the Higgs boson. Precision electroweak measurements strongly suggest thatthis particle is elementary (in that any structure is likely far smaller than its Comptonwavelength), and that it should be in a mass range where it will be discovered at theLHC. But the existence of fundamental scalars is puzzling in quantum field theory,and strongly suggests new physics at the TeV scale. Among the most prominentproposals for this physics is a hypothetical new symmetry of nature, supersymmetry,which is the focus of much of this text. Others, such as technicolor, and large orwarped extra dimensions, are also treated here.

内页插图

目录

Preface
A note on choice ofmetric
Text website
Part 1 Effective field theory:the Standard Model,supersymmetry,unification
1 Before the Standard Model
Suggested reading

2 The Standard Model
2.1 Yan9—Mills theory
2.2 Realizations of symmetry in quantum field theory
2.3 The quantization of Yan9—Mills theories
2.4 The particles and fields of the Standard Model
2.5 The gauge boson masses
2.6 Quark and lepton masses
Suggested reading
Exercises

3 Phenomenology of the Standard Model
3.1 The weak interactions
3.2The quark and lepton mass matrices
3.3 The strong interactions
3.4The renormalization group
3.5 Calculating the beta function
3.6The strong interactions and dimensional transmutation
3.7 Confinement and lattice gauge theory
3.8 Strong interaction processes at high momentum transfer.
Suggested reading
Exercises

4 The Standard Model as an effective field theory
4.1Lepton and baryon number violation’
4.2 Challenges for the Standard Model
4.3 The hierarchy problem
4.4Dark matter and dark energy
4.5 Summary:successes and limitations of the
Standard Model
Suggested reading

5 Anomalies,instantons and the strong CP problem
5.1 The chiral anomaly
5.2 A two-dimensional detour
5.3 Real QCD
5.4 The strong CP problem
5.5 Possible solutions of the strong CP problem
Suggested reading
Exercises

6 Grand unification
6.1 Cancellation of anomalies
6.2 Renormalization of couplings
6.3 Breaking to SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)
6.4 SU(2)×U(1)breaking
6.5 Charge quantization and magnetic monopoles
6.6Proton decay
6.7 Other groups
Suggested reading
Exercises

7 Magnetic monopoles and solitons
7.1 Solitons in 1+1 dimensions
7.2 Solitons in 2+1 dimensions:strings or vortices
7.3 Magnetic monopoles
7.4 The BPS limit’
7.5 Collective coordinates for the monopole solution
7.6 The Witten effect:the electric charge in the presence of θ
7.7 Electric—magnetic duality
Suggested reading
Exercises

8 Technicolor:a first attempt to explain hierarchies
8.1 QCD in a world without Higgs fields
8.2 Fermion masses:extended technicolor
8.3 Precision electroweak measurements
Suggested reading
Exercises

Part 2 Supersymmetry
9 Supersymmetry
9.1 The supersymmetry algebra and its representations
9.2 Superspace
9.3 N —— 1 Lagrangians
9.4 The supersymmetry currents
9.5 The ground-state energy in globally supersymmetric theories
9.6 Some simple models
9.7 Non-renormalization theorems
9.8 Local supersymmetry: supergravity
Suggested reading
Exercises

10 A first look at supersymmetry breaking
10.1Spontaneous supersymmetry breaking
10.2The goldstino theorem
10.3Loop corrections and the vacuum degeneracy
10.4Explicit, soft supersymmetry breaking
10.5Supersymmetry breaking in supergravity models
Suggested reading
Exercises

11 The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
11.1Soft supersymmetry breaking in the MSSM
11.2SU(2)U(I) breaking
11.3Why is one Higgs mass negative?
11.4Radiative corrections to the Higgs mass limit
11.5Embedding the MSSM in supergravity
11.6The#term
11.7Constraints on soft breakings
Suggested reading
Exercises

12 Supersymmetric grand unification
12.1A supersymmetric grand unified model
12.2Coupling constant unification
12.3Dimension-five operators and proton decay
Suggested reading
Exercises

13 Supersymmetric dynamics
13. l Criteria for supersymmetry breaking: the Witten index
13.2 Gaugino condensation in pure gauge theories
13.3 Supersymmetric QCD
13.4 Nf < N: anon-perturbative superpotential
13.5 The superpotential in the case Nf < N - 1
13.6 Nf = N - 1 : the instanton-generated superpotential
Suggested reading
Exercises

14 Dynamical supersymmetry breaking
14.1 Models of dynamical supersymmetry breaking
14.2 Particle physics and dynamical supersymmetry breaking
Suggested reading
Exercises

15 Theories with more than four conserved supercharges
15.1 N = 2 theories: exact moduli spaces
15.2 A still simpler theory: N ———— 4 Yang-Mills
15.3 A deeper understanding of the BPS condition
15.4 Seiberg-Witten theory
Suggested reading
Exercises

16 More supersymmetric dynamics
16.1 Conformaily invariant field theories
16.2 More supersymmetric QCD
16.3 Nf = Ne
16.4 Nf>N+I
16.5 Nf > 3/2N
Suggested reading
Exercises

17 An introduction to general relativity
17.1 Tensors in general relativity
17.2 Curvature
17.3 The gravitational action
17.4 The Schwarzschild solution
17.5 Features of the Schwarzschiid metric
17.6 Coupling spin0rs to gravity
Suggested reading
Exercises
18 Cosmology
18.1 A history of the universe
……
Part 3 String theory
Part 4 The appendices
References
Index

精彩书摘

  The strong interactions, as their name implies, are characterized by strong cou-pling. As a result, perturbative methods are not suitable for most questions. Incomparing theory and experiment, it is necessary to focus on a few phenomenawhich are accessible to theoretical analysis. By itself, this is not particularly dis-turbing. A parallel with the quantum mechanics of electrons interacting with nucleiis perhaps helpful. We can understand simple atoms in detail; atoms with verylarge Z can be treated by Hartree-Fock or other methods. But atoms with inter-mediate Z can be dealt with, at best, by detailed numerical analysis accompaniedby educated guesswork. Molecules are even more problematic, not to mentionsolids. But we are able to make detailed tests of the theory (and its extensionin quantum electrodynamics) from the simpler systems, and develop qualitativeunderstanding of the more complicated systems. In many cases, we can do quanti-tative analysis of the small fluctuations about the ground states of the complicatedsystem.
  In the theory of strong interactions, as we will see, many problems are hopelesslycomplicated. Low-lying spectra are hard; detailed exclusive cross sections in high-energy scattering essentially impossible. But there are many que~stions we cananswer. Rates for many inclusive questions at very high energy and momentumtransfer can be calculated with high precision. Qualitative features of the low lyingspectrum of hadrons and their interactions at low energies can be understood in aqualitative (and sometimes quantitative) fashion by symmetry arguments. Recently,progress in lattice gauge theory has made it possible to perform calculations whichpreviously seemed impossible, for features of spectra and even for interaction ratesimportant for understanding the weak interactions.

前言/序言

  As this is being written, particle physics stands on the threshold of a new era, withthe commissioning of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) not even two years away.In writing this book, I hope to help prepare graduate students and postdoctoralresearchers for what will hopefully be a period rich in new data and surprisingphenomena.
  The Standard Model has reigned triumphant for three decades. For just as long,theorists and experimentalists have speculated about what might lie beyond. Manyof these speculations point to a particular energy scale, the teraelectronvolt (TeV)scale which will be probed for the first time at the LHC. The stimulus for thesestudies arises from the most mysterious - and still missing - piece of the StandardModel: the Higgs boson. Precision electroweak measurements strongly suggest thatthis particle is elementary (in that any structure is likely far smaller than its Comptonwavelength), and that it should be in a mass range where it will be discovered at theLHC. But the existence of fundamental scalars is puzzling in quantum field theory,and strongly suggests new physics at the TeV scale. Among the most prominentproposals for this physics is a hypothetical new symmetry of nature, supersymmetry,which is the focus of much of this text. Others, such as technicolor, and large orwarped extra dimensions, are also treated here.  Even as they await evidence for such new phenomena, physicists have becomemore ambitious, attacking fundamental problems of quantum gravity, and specu-lating on possible final formulations of the laws of nature. This ambition has beenfueled by string theol., which seems to provide a complete framework for thequantum mechanics of gauge theory and gravity. Such a structure is necessary togive a framework to many speculations about beyond the Standard Model physics.Most models of supersymmetry breaking, theories of large extra dimensions, andwarped spaces cannot be discussed in a consistent way otherwise.

宇宙的宏伟叙事:从经典力学到量子信息的前沿探索 本书旨在为物理学、数学及相关领域的研究者和高级学生提供一个全面而深入的视角,探讨自经典物理学的基石建立以来,人类对自然界基本规律理解的演进,并重点聚焦于现代物理学最前沿的几个交叉领域——量子场论的构造、广义相对论的几何解释,以及信息论在物理学中的应用。我们致力于构建一个清晰的知识框架,追踪理论物理学在过去一个世纪中如何从描述宏观现象转向探究微观粒子与时空本质的深刻联系。 第一部分:经典基石与黎曼几何的回归 本部分将首先回顾经典物理学的成就,这些成就构成了理解现代物理的逻辑起点。 第一章:牛顿力学的精炼与拉格朗日-哈密顿形式的统一 我们将从牛顿运动定律出发,迅速过渡到更具普适性的变分原理。重点分析拉格朗日力学如何通过能量泛函(Lagrangian)优雅地描述多粒子系统的动力学,强调其对坐标变换的不变性(诺特定理的先导)。随后,深入探讨哈密顿力学的框架,解析相空间的概念以及正则变换的数学结构。理解哈密顿力学不仅是理解经典混沌的工具,更是量子力学基本正则对易关系的直接思想来源。 第二章:场论的萌芽与电磁学的几何视角 电磁场理论是物理学中第一个成功的“场”的理论。本章将详细梳理麦克斯韦方程组,分析其洛伦兹协变性。我们将超越单纯的场方程求解,转而关注电磁学的规范不变性。通过引入规范势(Gauge Potential)的概念,为后续量子场论中基本力的描述奠定几何和拓扑的基础。 第三章:广义相对论的几何化——时空的新理解 爱因斯坦的广义相对论是经典物理学的巅峰,它将引力视为时空本身的弯曲。本章的重点在于黎曼几何的应用。我们将详细介绍: 1. 张量分析基础:协变导数、里奇张量和黎曼曲率张量,理解度规张量(Metric Tensor)如何编码时空的几何结构。 2. 爱因斯坦场方程的推导与物理解释:分析引力如何由物质和能量(应力-能量张量)决定,以及时空的演化如何反过来约束物质的运动。 3. 经典解的探索:简要回顾史瓦西解(黑洞的几何描述)和弗里德曼-勒梅特-罗伯逊-沃尔克(FLRW)度规在宇宙学中的应用,强调曲率在决定宇宙命运中的核心作用。 第二部分:迈向微观:量子力学的深度解析 本部分将严格地审视量子力学的基本公设,并将其提升到算符代数的层面。 第四章:量子力学的数学结构与希尔伯特空间 我们从薛定谔绘景过渡到狄拉克绘景。重点是: 1. 状态空间:理解可分离希尔伯特空间作为系统的状态空间,以及态矢量(ket vectors)的物理意义。 2. 可观测量的表象:自伴随算符(Hermitian Operators)如何对应于物理可观测量的本征值。 3. 演化方程:哈密顿算符在时间演化中的作用,以及幺正变换保证了概率守恒的原理。 第五章:角动量理论与自旋的内在性 角动量是量子系统中最基本的守恒量之一。本章将深入探讨: 1. 对易关系与本征值问题:详细求解 $L^2$ 和 $L_z$ 的本征值,理解球面谐波函数。 2. 自旋的引入:区别于轨道角动量,自旋是粒子内在的、不可约的自由度。通过泡利矩阵(Pauli Matrices)及其代数结构,展示非对易性如何从根本上改变了粒子的统计性质。 第三部分:从量子场到规范理论:现代物理学的语言 本部分是全书的核心,它构建了粒子物理学标准模型(Standard Model)的数学框架。 第六章:经典场论到量子场论的跃迁 量子力学将粒子视为概率波包,而量子场论(QFT)则将粒子视为场的量子激发。 1. 二次量子化:通过将经典场量提升为算符,引入产生(Creation)和湮灭(Annihilation)算符。 2. 真空态与粒子定义:精确定义真空态,并展示这些算符如何构建多粒子态。 3. 相对论性量子场论的挑战:引入Klein-Gordon方程和Dirac方程,分析自由场论的构建过程,并初步讨论因果性问题。 第七章:相互作用与微扰论——费曼图的诞生 真实的物理世界充满了相互作用。本章将聚焦于如何量化这些相互作用: 1. 相互作用绘景与S矩阵:定义散射过程的概率幅,即S矩阵。 2. Dyson级数展开:利用微扰论将S矩阵展开,展示其系统性的结构。 3. 费曼规则的建立:通过将Dyson级数的每一项与特定的费曼图对应起来,将抽象的积分运算转化为一套清晰的图形化规则,这是计算高阶过程的基石。 第八章:规范场论的普适性 规范对称性是描述基本相互作用力的核心原则。 1. 从Abelian到Non-Abelian规范群:从电磁学的U(1)规范群(电弱理论的前身)推广到SU(2)和SU(3)等非阿贝尔群。 2. 规范场与规范玻色子:解释如何通过要求场论对局域规范变换保持不变性,从而唯一地确定出传递相互作用的玻色子(如光子、胶子)。 3. 重整化基础:简要介绍紫外发散问题的出现,以及重整化程序——物理学中最成功的“修补”技术——如何使理论在有限能量尺度内具有预测能力。 第四部分:时空与信息的交织 本部分探讨理论物理学中新兴的、跨学科的领域,它们正在重新定义我们对信息、引力和量子力学的理解。 第九章:几何与拓扑的现代应用 本章将视野从四维时空扩展到更高维空间,并关注拓扑结构在物理学中的作用: 1. 拓扑绝缘体:利用拓扑不变量(如陈数)来描述材料的能带结构,解释为何边缘态具有鲁棒的保护性。 2. 霍尔效应的量子化:从拓扑角度理解朗道能级与量子霍尔效应的精确量化。 第十章:信息论与量子计算的前沿 现代物理学日益关注信息在物理系统中的角色。 1. 量子信息基础:介绍量子比特(Qubit)、量子纠缠(Entanglement)的概念,并讨论冯·诺依曼熵与纠缠熵的区别。 2. 黑洞热力学与信息悖论:回顾Bekenstein对黑洞熵的奠基性工作,并分析霍金辐射带来的信息丢失问题,探讨其对时空局部性的冲击。 3. 信息与引力的联系:讨论AdS/CFT对偶的概念,它暗示了引力理论可能(在某些背景下)可以从一个低一维的、纯粹的量子场论中“涌现”出来,突显信息如何可能成为时空结构的基本要素。 本书旨在通过这种结构化的、由浅入深的论述,引导读者构建起一个坚实的理论物理学知识体系,使其能够理解和参与到当代物理学中最激动人心的探索之中。

用户评价

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坦白地说,这本书的阅读体验并非一帆风顺,它对读者的专注度要求极高。我发现自己必须时刻保持警惕,稍微走神,就可能错过一个至关重要的逻辑转折点。特别是涉及到某些高阶的群论和几何结构的部分,我不得不频繁地停下来,拿出另一本辅助读物来回顾一些基础的数学工具。这并不是说作者的阐述有问题——恰恰相反,是原著的密度实在太高了。它更像是一份顶级的“知识浓缩液”,你不能期望一口气把它喝完,而是需要小口慢品,让每一个分子都充分溶解在你的理解体系中。我常常在读完一个章节后,需要放下书本,在房间里踱步至少十分钟,努力消化那些涉及时空本质的颠覆性观点。这更像是一场智力上的马拉松,而不是轻松的散步,但这种挑战带来的成就感,是其他轻松读物无法比拟的。

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从排版和校对的角度来看,这本书体现了出版方对学术严谨性的极致追求。我仔细检查了几个关键的公式推导部分,无论是下标、希腊字母的书写还是公式的对齐,都无可挑剔,这在涉及如此精密物理学的书籍中是至关重要的。印刷清晰度极高,即便是最小的符号也锐利无比,这极大地减轻了长时间阅读带来的视觉疲劳。而且,书后的索引和参考文献列表做得非常详尽,为我后续进行更深层次的研究提供了非常可靠的导航图。我尤其欣赏它在章节末尾设置的“思考题”或“延伸阅读提示”,这些小小的引导,既是对本章内容的巩固,也有效地激励读者去探索更前沿或更侧重于某一特定方向的文献。总而言之,这是一部在各个层面上都达到了工业级标准的杰出作品。

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这本书的封面设计简直是视觉上的享受,那种深邃的蓝和宇宙星云般的紫色交织在一起,一下子就把人带入了一个充满神秘和无限可能性的领域。我第一次在书店里看到它时,光是盯着封面的那一刻,就仿佛能感受到那些超越我们日常经验的维度在向我招手。它不是那种死板的教科书封面,而是充满了艺术感和哲学思辨的张力,让人忍不住想一探究竟。装帧的质感也极其出色,拿在手里沉甸甸的,那种扎实的触感,让人对内页的知识密度充满了期待。我甚至特意找了一个光线柔和的角落,小心翼翼地翻开扉页,那一瞬间,我对即将开始的阅读旅程充满了敬畏和兴奋。这绝对是一本可以放在书架上炫耀的“硬货”,不仅仅是因为它内容的深度,更是因为它在美学上传达出的那种对终极真理的追求。它不仅仅是一本书,更像是一件精心打磨的艺术品,是对现代物理学前沿最优雅的致敬。

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对于那些对哲学和宇宙论抱有强烈好奇心的非专业读者,这本书提供了一个绝佳的窗口。虽然其中必然涉及到大量的数学表达,但作者巧妙地将这些数学语言视为描述自然界深层规律的“语言本身”,而不是单纯的障碍。他成功地将抽象的概念,比如紧致化、拓扑性质,与我们对引力、粒子相互作用的直观理解联系起来。我感觉自己仿佛获得了一副“透视镜”,能更清晰地看到物质世界表象之下的基本规则是如何运作的。我甚至开始用一种全新的视角去看待日常生活中遇到的对称性问题,比如晶体的排列、甚至某些自然图案的美感,都能从中找到理论上的根源。它极大地拓宽了我对“可能世界”的想象边界,让人类中心主义的视角受到了有益的冲击。

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我花了很长时间才决定入手这本书,主要原因是我对这个领域已经有了一定的背景知识,但总感觉在某些核心概念的理解上还不够连贯和深入。读完前几章后,我发现作者在构建理论框架时的那种耐心和清晰度简直是教科书级别的典范。他没有那种急于展示复杂数学公式的倾向,而是非常注重先用直观的物理图像和类比来铺陈概念的基础,这一点对于我这种试图在脑海中构建三维或更高维度模型的读者来说,简直是太友好了。很多我之前一直感到模糊的“跳跃点”,在这本书里被非常平滑地衔接了起来,就好像原本支离破碎的拼图,突然有了一条清晰的指引线。我特别欣赏他处理历史脉络的方式,把不同流派的观点、争论的焦点,都梳理得井井有条,让读者能真正理解这些理论是如何一步步演变和成熟起来的,而不是仅仅背诵结论。

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对学习研究专业领域有价值

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很不错的书

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以后再仔细看

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等有能力了慢慢看

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目前没能力看

评分

很不错的书

评分

以后再仔细看

评分

等有能力了慢慢看

评分

对学习研究专业领域有价值

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