決策與神經經濟學 Animal Communication:Honesty and Deception Decision-Making and Neuroeconomics Decision-Making and Vision Decision-Making in Financial Markets Delayed Reinforcement:Economics Delayed Reinforcement:Neuroscience Game Theory and the Economics of Animal Communication Games in Monkeys:Neurophysiology and Motor Decision-Making Neuroeconomics:History Neuroethological Perspective Reasoning and Problem Solving:Models Reward Decision-Making Social Cognition Social Interaction
執行功能與高級認知 Agnosia Alexia Anmesia:Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory Animal Models of Amnesia Attention and Eye Movements Attention:Models Attentional Functions in Learning and Memory Attentional Mechanisms in Ventral Pathway Attentional Networks Attentional Networks in the Parietal Cortex Brain-Computer Interface Cognition:An Overview of Neuroimaging Techniques Cognition:Basal Ganglia Role Cognition:Cerebellum Role Cognition:Neuropharmacology Cognitive Control and Development Cognitive Neuroscience:An Overview Emotion and Vigilance Emotional Influences on Memory and Attention Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition:Assessment in Animals Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition:Computational Models Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition:Definition and Neural Substrates Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition:EEG Studies Executive Function and Higher-Order Cognition:Neuroimaging Executive Functions:Eye Movements and Neuropsychiatric Disorders Frontal Lobe Syndrome Functional Amnesia Hemispheric Specialization and Cognition Human Methods:Psychophysics Humans Inhibitory Control over Action and Memory Neglect Syndrome and the Spatial Attention Network Neural Coding of Spatial Representations Neuropsychological Testing Parietal Cortex and Spatial Attention Perception and Eye Movements Prefrontal Cortex Prefrontal Cortex:Structure and Anatomy Prosopagnosia Psychophysics of Attention Referentiality and Concepts in Animal Cognition Sleep Deprivation and Brain Function Social Interaction Effects on Reward and Cognitive Abilities in Monkeys Spatial Cognition Spatial Cognition and Executive Function Spatial Cognitive Maps Spatial Orientation:Our Whole-Body Motion and Orientation Sense Strategic Control of Memory Task Switching Vestibular Influences on Cognition Vision:Mechanisms of Orientation,Direction and Depth Visual Attention Working Memory:Capacity Limitations
半球特化 Brain Asymmetry :Evolution Dichotic Listening Studies of Brain Asymmetry Hemispheric Specialization and Cognition Split-Brain Patients
振蕩神經活性 Central Pattern Generators Central Pattern Generators:Sensory Feedback Gap Junctions and Neuronal Oscillations Information Coding Neural Oscillators and Dynamical Systems Models Neuronal Pacemaking Pulsatility in Neuroendocrine Systems Sleep Oscillations Sleep Oscillations and PGO Waves Spiking Neuron Models Swim Oscillator Networks 原書詞條中英對照錶
精彩書摘
Despite the vocal criticism of mainstream elements inboth communities, these social and technologicaltrends led to a convergence of interest among agroup of economists, neuroscientists, and cognitivepsychologists in the late 1990s. This community ofscholars, who began to call themselves neuroeconomists around 2002 or 2003, aggregated around asmall set of meetings and papers during this period.Although the first explicitly neuroeconomic paperspreceded the first interdisciplinary workshops by several years, these meetings were probably the criticalstep that allowed these social and natural scientists todevelop a common language.
前言/序言
什麼是百科全書?這一名詞來自於兩個希臘單詞:enkuklios(意思是循環的)和paideia(意思是教育)。在16世紀早期,拉丁手稿的抄寫者們將這兩個單詞閤而為一,其在英語中演化為一個單詞,意思是具有廣泛指導意義的工具書(The American Heritage Dictionary,2000,Boston:Houghton Mimin,p.589)。從其來源可見,其希臘文原詞中蘊含著以探索、綜閤的方式努力獲取知識的含義。無論是拉丁文還是英文,該單詞泛指涵蓋廣泛領域知識的工具書。 希臘文中強調的以創造性手段獲取知識,在神經科學領域尤其適用。神經科學本身就是一個非常新的名詞。Francis Schmitt在本書第一版的前言中指齣,本書的編寫過程就是將不同領域的科學傢們聚集在一起,衝擊大腦研究中最頑固的難題。他推動建立瞭神經科學研究項目(Neuroscience Research。Program,簡稱NRP)。早期的NRP成員包括一些學術巨匠,如因關於光閤作用的研究獲得諾貝爾奬的Melvin Calvin、諾貝爾奬獲得者物理化學傢Manfred Eigen、生物化學傢Albert Lehninger,和當時正在努力破解基因編碼的年輕分子生物學傢MarshallNirenberg。 Schmitt建立NRP的時候,神經科學作為一門綜閤學科還幾乎不存在。微電極的發明使神經生理學傢們得以記錄單細胞的電活動,但是幾乎不可能甄彆其生物化學特性。一個重要的推進來自20世紀60年代中期湧現的Falck-Hillarp熒光顯微鏡技術,它能夠選擇性地觀察兒茶酚胺和5一羥色胺能神經元。這些胺類通路的研究又很快使得檢測選擇性損傷後效應的行為學傢們和生化學傢們開始閤作研究,使得後者的工作不再局限於在整個腦組織勻漿的水平研究神經遞質。20世紀70年代關於神經遞質受體的生化研究、它們位點的放射自顯影研究,以及神經多肽的免疫組織化學研究,更是進一步促進瞭神經生理學傢、神經解剖學傢、神經化學傢和神經藥理學傢們的對話。而過去兩個世紀以來,分子生物學技術手段的應用更加豐富瞭這一交流。 神經科學的爆炸性發展也體現在神經科學學會(Society for Neuroscience,SFN)的曆史上。SFN於1970年(譯者注:SFN網站中所寫的時間為1969年)由幾百名研究人員在華盛頓特區創立,首任會長是Vernon Mountcastle。而當我於1980年擔任會長時,會員人數已經增長到7000人。我當時的一個主要任務是應對關於學會存在閤理性的爭論。有人認為“我們學會的科學傢人數太多瞭。應當將其一分為二,如實驗類的和理論類的”。與此相反,為瞭強調該領域的整體特點,我們推齣瞭《神經科學雜誌》(Journal of Neuroscience)。同時,我們認為學會的增長可能會最終進入平颱期,精心的會議組織將可以避免會員個人“在會議的人潮中迷失”。現在看來,我當時關於平颱期的預言偏離瞭實際。截至2007年5月,神經科學學會的會員人數已經超過瞭38000名,其中超過35000人參加每年的年會,這樣的規模超過瞭其他任何生物醫學類的學會。