The Origin of Species物種起源 英文原版 [平裝] pdf epub mobi txt 電子書 下載 2025

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Charles Darwin（查爾斯·達爾文） 著

圖書標籤:

• Darwin
• Evolution
• Natural Selection
• Biology
• Science
• Origin of Species
• 19th Century
• Classic
• Zoology
• Paleontology

齣版社： Random House

ISBN：9780553214635

版次：1

商品編碼：19017075

包裝：平裝

叢書名： Bantam Classics

齣版時間：1999-06-01

用紙：膠版紙

頁數：512

正文語種：英文

商品尺寸：10.67x2.29x18.29cm

編輯推薦

　　進化與遺傳的全麵考察與經典闡述。宇宙進化，導緻生命起源；生物進化，導緻人類起源；人類進化。導緻社會的起源與發展。這就是《物種起源》所揭示的物種的演進規律。遺傳、變異與選擇，是生物進化過程中自然選擇的三種主導力量。而《物種起源》則全麵考察瞭這三種力量的交互的作用關係。

內容簡介

The publication of Darwin's The Origin of Species in 1859 marked a dramatic turning point in scientific thought. The volume had taken Darwin more than twenty years to publish, in part because he envisioned the storm of controversy it was certain to unleash. Indeed, selling out its first edition on its first day, The Origin of Species revolutionized science, philosophy, and theology.

Darwin's reasoned, documented arguments carefully advance his theory of natural selection and his assertion that species were not created all at once by a divine hand but started with a few simple forms that mutated and adapted over time. Whether commenting on his own poor health, discussing his experiments to test instinct in bees, or relating a conversation about a South American burrowing rodent, Darwin's monumental achievement is surprisingly personal and delightfully readable. Its profound ideas remain controversial even today, making it the most influential book in the natural sciences ever written—an important work not just to its time but to the history of humankind.

　　影響人類發展進程的劃時代著作。1985年美國《生活》雜誌評為人類有史以來最佳圖書。1986年法國《讀書》雜誌推薦的最理想藏書之一。《物種起源》的問世，第一次讓生物學建立在完全科學的基礎之上。徹底推翻瞭“神創論”和“物種不變論”。

作者簡介

CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN was born in 1809 in Shrewsbury, England, to a wealthy intellectual family, his grandfather being the famous physician Erasmus Darwin. At Cambridge University he formed a friendship with J. S. Henslow, a professor of botany, and that association, along with his enthusiasm for collecting beetles, led to "a burning zeal," as he wrote in his Autobiography, for the natural sciences. When Henslow obtained for him the post of naturalist on H.M.S. Beagle, the course of his life was fixed. The five-year-long voyage to the Southern Hemisphere between 1831 and 1836 would lay the foundation for his ideas about evolution and natural selection. Upon his return Darwin lived in London before retiring to his residence at Down, a secluded village in Kent. For the next forty years he conducted his research there and wrote the works that would change human understanding forever. Knowing of the resistance from the orthodox scientific and religious communities, Darwin published The Origin of Species in 1859 only when another naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace, independently reached the same conclusions. His other works include The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871) and Recollections of My Mind and Character, also titled Autobiography (1887). Charles Darwin's Diary of the Voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle was published posthumously in 1933. Darwin died in 1882; he is buried in Westminster Abbey.

查理·達爾文(1809—1882年)，英國博物學傢，進化論奠基者。22歲從劍橋大學畢業後．以博物學傢的身份乘“貝格爾號”作曆時五年的環旅行，並由此形成瞭生物進化的觀點。l859年，達爾文發錶劃時代巨著——《物種起源》。震驚瞭科學界和整個世界。達爾文在該書中重點闡述並論證瞭高等生物是由低等生物逐漸演變而來的進化論思想，並提齣瞭以自然選擇、適者生存為基礎的進化學說。進化論、能量守恒和轉換定律、細胞學說，被恩格斯高度評價為“19世紀自然科學的三大發現”。

精彩書摘

Chapter One
Variation Under Domestication
Causes of Variability—Effects of Habit—Correlation of Growth—Inheritance—Character of Domestic Varieties—Difficulty of distinguishing between Varieties and Species—Origin of Domestic Varieties from one or more Species—Domestic Pigeons, their Differences and Origin—Principle of Selection anciently followed, its Effects—Methodical and Unconscious Selection—Unknown Origin of our Domestic Productions—Circumstances favourable to Man's power of Selection
WHEN WE look to the individuals of the same variety or sub-variety of our older cultivated plants and animals, one of the first points which strikes us, is, that they generally differ much more from each other, than do the individuals of any one species or variety in a state of nature. When we reflect on the vast diversity of the plants and animals which have been cultivated, and which have varied during all ages under the most different climates and treatment, I think we are driven to conclude that this greater variability is simply due to our domestic productions having been raised under conditions of life not so uniform as, and somewhat different from, those to which the parent species have been exposed under nature. There is, also, I think, some probability in the view propounded by Andrew Knight, that this variability may be partly connected with excess of food. It seems pretty clear that organic beings must be exposed during several generations to the new conditions of life to cause any appreciable amount of variation; and that when the organisation has once begun to vary, it generally continues to vary for many generations. No case is on record of a variable being ceasing to be variable under cultivation. Our oldest cultivated plants, such as wheat, still often yield new varieties: our oldest domesticated animals are still capable of rapid improvement or modification.
It has been disputed at what period of life the causes of variability, whatever they may be, generally act; whether during the early or late period of development of the embryo, or at the instant of conception. Geoffroy St Hilaire's experiments show that unnatural treatment of the embryo causes monstrosities; and monstrosities cannot be separated by any clear line of distinction from mere variations. But I am strongly inclined to suspect that the most frequent cause of variability may be attributed to the male and female reproductive elements having been affected prior to the act of conception. Several reasons make me believe in this; but the chief one is the remarkable effect which confinement or cultivation has on the functions of the reproductive system; this system appearing to be far more susceptible than any other part of the organization, to the action of any change in the conditions of life. Nothing is more easy than to tame an animal, and few things more difficult than to get it to breed freely under confinement, even in the many cases when the male and female unite. How many animals there are which will not breed, though living long under not very close confinement in their native country! This is generally attributed to vitiated instincts; but how many cultivated plants display the utmost vigour, and yet rarely or never seed! In some few such cases it has been found out that very trifling changes, such as a little more or less water at some particular period of growth, will determine whether or not the plant sets a seed. I cannot here enter on the copious details which I have collected on this curious subject; but to show how singular the laws are which determine the reproduction of animals under confinement, I may just mention that carnivorous animals, even from the tropics, breed in this country pretty freely under confinement, with the exception of the plantigrades or bear family; whereas, carnivorous birds, with the rarest exceptions, hardly ever lay fertile eggs. Many exotic plants have pollen utterly worthless, in the same exact condition as in the most sterile hybrids. When, on the one hand, we see domesticated animals and plants, though often weak and sickly, yet breeding quite freely under confinement; and when, on the other hand, we see individuals, though taken young from a state of nature, perfectly tamed, long-lived, and healthy (of which I could give numerous instances), yet having their reproductive system so seriously affected by unperceived causes as to fail in acting, we need not be surprised at this system, when it does act under confinement, acting not quite regularly, and producing offspring not perfectly like their parents or variable.
Sterility has been said to be the bane of horticulture; but on this view we owe variability to the same cause which produces sterility; and variability is the source of all the choicest productions of the garden. I may add, that as some organisms will breed most freely under the most unnatural conditions (for instance, the rabbit and ferret kept in hutches), showing that their reproductive system has not been thus affected; so will some animals and plants withstand domestication or cultivation, and vary very slightly—perhaps hardly more than in a state of nature.
A long list could easily be given of 'sporting plants;' by this term gardeners mean a single bud or offset, which suddenly assumes a new and sometimes very different character from that of the rest of the plant. Such buds can be propagated by grafting, &c.;, and sometimes by seed. These 'sports' are extremely rare under nature, but far from rare under cultivation; and in this case we see that the treatment of the parent has affected a bud or offset, and not the ovules or pollen. But it is the opinion of most physiologists that there is no essential difference between a bud and an ovule in their earliest stages of formation; so that, in fact, 'sports' support my view, that variability may be largely attributed to the ovules or pollen, or to both, having been affected by the treatment of the parent prior to the act of conception. These cases anyhow show that variation is not necessarily connected, as some authors have supposed, with the act of generation.
Seedlings from the same fruit, and the young of the same litter, sometimes differ considerably from each other, though both the young and the parents, as Mxller has remarked, have apparently been exposed to exactly the same conditions of life; and this shows how unimportant the direct effects of the conditions of life are in comparison with the laws of reproduction, and of growth, and of inheritance; for had the action of the conditions been direct, if any of the young had varied, all would probably have varied in the same manner. To judge how much, in the case of any variation, we should attribute to the direct action of heat, moisture, light, food, &c.;, is most difficult: my impression is, that with animals such agencies have produced very little direct effect, though apparently more in the case of plants. Under this point of view, Mr Buckman's recent experiments on plants seem extremely valuable. When all or nearly all the individuals exposed to certain conditions are affected in the same way, the change at first appears to be directly due to such conditions; but in some cases it can be shown that quite opposite conditions produce similar changes of structure. Nevertheless some slight amount of change may, I think, be attributed to the direct action of the conditions of life—as, in some cases, increased size from amount of food, colour from particular kinds of food and from light, and perhaps the thickness of fur from climate.
Habit also has a deciding influence, as in the period of flowering with plants when transported from one climate to another. In animals it has a more marked effect; for instance, I find in the domestic duck that the bones of the wing weigh less and the bones of the leg more, in proportion to the whole skeleton, than do the same bones in the wild-duck; and I presume that this change may be safely attributed to the domestic duck flying much less, and walking more, than its wild parent. The great and inherited development of the udders in cows and goats in countries where they are habitually milked, in comparison with the state of these organs in other countries, is another instance of the effect of use. Not a single domestic animal can be named which has not in some country drooping ears; and the view suggested by some authors, that the drooping is due to the disuse of the muscles of the ear, from the animals not being much alarmed by danger, seems probable.
There are many laws regulating variation, some few of which can be dimly seen, and will be hereafter briefly mentioned. I will here only allude to what may be called correlation of growth. Any change in the embryo or larva will almost certainly entail changes in the mature animal. In monstrosities, the correlations between quite distinct parts are very curious; and many instances are given in Isidore Geoffroy St Hilaire's great work on this subject. Breeders believe that long limbs are almost always accompanied by an elongated head. Some instances of correlation are quite whimsical; thus cats with blue eyes are invariably deaf; colour and constitutional peculiarities go together, of which many remarkable cases could be given amongst animals and plants. From the facts collected by Heusinger, it appears that white sheep and pigs are differently affected from coloured individuals by certain vegetable poisons. Hairless dogs have imperfect teeth; long-haired and coarse-haired animals are apt to have, as is asserted, long or many horns; pigeons with feathered feet have skin between their outer toes; pigeons with short beaks have small feet, and those with long beaks large feet. Hence, if man goes on selecting, and thus augmenting, any peculiarity, he will almost certainly unconsciously modify other parts of the structure, owing to the mysterious laws of the correlation of growth.
The result of the various, quite unknown, or dimly seen laws of variation is infinitely complex a...

《物種起源》之外的自然世界：探索生命多樣性的恢弘畫捲 本書並非查爾斯·達爾文那部石破天驚的巨著《物種起源》的介紹或解讀。相反，它旨在帶領讀者深入探索那些在達爾文的理論光芒之外，同樣令人著迷的生命演化、生態適應與生物地理學的宏大敘事。我們將聚焦於那些獨立於經典自然選擇理論的視角，或者說，那些在達爾文時代之後纔得以充分展開和深入研究的生命科學領域。 這是一部關於生命復雜性、連接性與不確定性的編年史，它邀請我們以更廣闊的視野，去審視地球上數十億年來生命形態變遷的驅動力與結果。 第一部分：演化的多重驅動力——超越自然選擇的視角 盡管自然選擇是理解生物適應性特徵演變的核心機製，但生命的曆史遠非單一驅動力的産物。本捲將深入探討那些影響演化路徑的其他關鍵力量。 1. 分子演化與中性理論的崛起： 我們將追溯現代分子生物學如何揭示瞭基因層麵的變異。西木吾（Motoo Kimura）提齣的分子演化的中性理論，挑戰瞭“所有變異都受自然選擇篩選”的傳統觀點。本書將詳細闡述，大量的基因突變在群體中保持中性，它們的固定是隨機漂變的結果，而非適應性的壓力。這種隨機性如何塑造瞭物種間的遺傳距離，以及它如何解釋瞭某些看似“無用”的分子特徵的廣泛存在，為我們理解種群遺傳學提供瞭至關重要的補充視角。 2. 發育生物學與形態的約束（Evo-Devo）： 形態的巨大飛躍往往並非緩慢漸進的纍積，而可能源於發育程序中的關鍵調控基因（如Hox基因）的微小改變。我們將探索演化發育生物學（Evo-Devo）如何揭示，某些結構上的創新並非憑空齣現，而是對現有發育藍圖的“重新布綫”。這些藍圖的限製性（Constraints）本身，構成瞭演化無法跨越的障礙，也決定瞭生物體形態可能齣現的有限集閤。例如，脊椎動物四肢骨骼的驚人相似性，正是發育途徑約束的深刻體現。 3. 符號遺傳與錶觀遺傳的遺産： 本書將考察非DNA序列信息在生命傳遞中的作用。錶觀遺傳修飾——DNA甲基化、組蛋白修飾等——如何在不改變基因序列的情況下，影響基因的錶達，並有可能跨代遺傳。這些“軟性”的遺傳信息如何響應環境壓力，並在短期內展現齣類似“獲得性遺傳”的錶型可塑性，對我們理解物種對快速環境變化的反應能力，提供瞭不同於達爾文式慢速演化的時間尺度和機製。 第二部分：生態學中的相互作用與協同演化 生命形態的齣現與其所處的生態背景密不可分。達爾文主要關注生物與其“非生物環境”的適應，而本書將聚焦於生物間的動態關係——協同演化（Coevolution）。 1. 軍備競賽與協同的螺鏇： 我們將深入探討捕食者與獵物、寄生者與宿主之間的協同演化“軍備競賽”。這是一種持續的、相互驅動的演化循環，例如，某些蛇類對特定毒蛙毒素的抗性，以及毒蛙毒素效力的不斷增強。這種互動不僅塑造瞭形態特徵，更深刻地影響瞭群體的生存動態和物種間的相互依賴性。 2. 植物與傳粉者的復雜契約： 聚焦於植物和動物之間的互利共生關係，尤其是傳粉係統。從幽靈蘭對特定雄蜂的依賴性，到無花果與榕小蜂之間近乎絕對的互惠關係，這些特化的關係展示瞭高度的協同適應。我們將分析這種高度耦閤的係統在麵對環境變化時，其脆弱性和維持機製。 3. 競爭的景觀與生態位的分化： 競爭是塑造生態係統結構的核心力量。本書將討論競爭排斥原則如何推動物種在生態位空間中進行精細的分化（Niche Partitioning），從而避免直接衝突，允許更高的物種豐富度共存。我們將研究生物地理學中，島嶼或隔離環境中物種輻射的模式，這些模式往往是競爭壓力與環境特異性共同作用的結果。 第三部分：生物地理學的時空構造 生命如何遍布地球？地理因素不僅是演化的舞颱，更是演化的塑造者。本書將審視生物地理學（Biogeography）如何結閤地質曆史與演化速率，解釋全球的生命分布。 1. 闆塊構造與古地理的重塑： 我們將超越物種的起源，探討大陸漂移如何隔離瞭譜係，或促成瞭它們在全球範圍內的擴散。從岡瓦納古大陸的裂解到新生代的山脈隆起，每一次重大的地質事件都為物種的地理隔離、異域形成（Allopatric Speciation）和隨後的多樣化提供瞭框架。我們將考察化石記錄與分子鍾數據如何結閤，以重建這些古老的時間尺度上的地理事件。 2. 島嶼生物地理學與“滅絕”的動態平衡： 麥剋阿瑟與威爾遜提齣的島嶼生物地理學理論，用物種的“到達率”與“滅絕率”的平衡，簡潔地解釋瞭島嶼上物種的豐富度。本書將深入剖析這個動態平衡模型，並將其應用於理解棲息地的破碎化——現代人類活動如何將大陸景觀模擬成一係列“孤立的島嶼”，並加速瞭滅絕的速率，從而影響瞭區域生物多樣性的未來走嚮。 3. 譜係地理學：追蹤曆史的足跡： 譜係地理學（Phylogeography）結閤分子數據和地理信息，旨在重建物種的遺傳結構曆史。我們將探索冰期-間冰期的氣候波動如何迫使物種退縮至避難所（Refugia），並在氣候迴暖時重新擴散，留下瞭可被DNA證據識彆的地理印記。這揭示瞭物種的當前分布，是其曆史遷移和適應性輻射的復雜疊加態。 結語：生命的多尺度敘事 本書所呈現的生命史，是一個多尺度、多層級的復雜係統。從分子層麵的隨機波動，到生態係統內部的協同博弈，再到行星尺度的地質變遷，每一個層麵都在共同作用，編織齣我們今天所見的、令人驚嘆的生命多樣性。這不是對達爾文偉大洞察的替代，而是對其理論的拓寬與深化，展示瞭生命科學在過去一個半世紀中，如何從單一的演化機製，走嚮對生命復雜性、曆史偶然性與環境限製性的全麵認知。它邀請讀者，在理解瞭基礎機製之後，去欣賞生命形態背後那更加深邃、更為錯綜復雜的自然規律。

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這本書對我最大的影響，或許在於它徹底改變瞭我對時間尺度的感知。在日常生活中，我們習慣於以年、月、日來衡量生活，而閱讀這本書，你必須學會用地質學的視角去看待事物——百萬年乃至億萬年的尺度。那些我們習以為常的物種，它們在曆史長河中不過是剛剛露麵的一瞬。作者通過對化石記錄、地理分布和人工育種的細緻比對，生動地描繪齣生命演化是一部持續不斷、永不停止的史詩。這種宏大敘事的衝擊力，讓人在麵對眼前的自然現象時，會不自覺地聯想到更深遠的曆史背景。比如，看到一隻鳥的喙，你不會僅僅覺得它很適閤啄食，而是會思考，在它祖先的生存鬥爭中，是怎樣的微小優勢，讓這個喙型得以保留並強化下來。

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購買平裝版是一次非常明智的選擇，它輕便易攜，非常適閤在旅途中或者午休時間隨時拿齣來翻閱。書的裝幀雖然樸素，但卻非常耐用，能夠經受得住反復翻摺和在不同環境下攜帶。這本書的價值早已超越瞭一本普通的書籍範疇，它更像是一張通往科學思想革命核心的門票。每次閤上它，我都會感到世界觀被重新校準瞭一次。它挑戰瞭我們關於生命起源和目的性的固有觀念，迫使我們以一種更謙遜、更客觀的態度去審視生命本身。對於那些對哲學、生物學、曆史學都有所涉獵的讀者來說，這本書提供瞭一個絕佳的交匯點，它引發的思考是多維度的，絕非一讀即棄的快餐讀物。

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這本厚厚的書，拿到手裏沉甸甸的，光是封麵設計就透著一股古典的莊重感，那種泛黃的紙張和經典的字體排版，仿佛一下子就把你拉迴瞭那個充滿探索與爭論的維多利亞時代。我一直對自然界中生命多樣性的形成感到好奇，尤其是那些看起來毫不相乾的物種之間，它們之間到底存在著怎樣的聯係，這背後的驅動力又是什麼？這本書以一種極其嚴謹且充滿邏輯性的方式，構建瞭一個宏大的理論框架。它不是那種輕描淡寫的科普讀物，而是充滿瞭紮實的觀察記錄和細緻的推理過程。閱讀的過程就像是跟隨一位經驗豐富的博物學傢，深入到世界各地，去觀察那些微小的差異如何在漫長的時間中積纍、分化，最終造就瞭我們今天所見到的韆姿百態的生命。那種由大量實例支撐起來的說服力，真的讓人不得不佩服作者的洞察力和耐心，它提供瞭一種全新的、顛覆性的視角來看待生命的曆史。

評分☆☆☆☆☆

坦白說，初次翻開這本書時，我的內心是帶著一種近乎朝聖的敬畏感，但很快，這種敬畏就轉變為一種深深的睏惑和挑戰。書中的論證體係之龐大和精細，要求讀者必須全神貫注，稍微走神可能就跟不上作者的思路瞭。那些關於變異的隨機性、自然選擇的無情壓力，以及遺傳的復雜性（盡管當時基因的概念尚未完全明確），都需要我們不斷地停下來，結閤自己已有的知識去消化和反芻。這本書的魅力就在於它的“硬核”，它不迴避復雜的細節，而是將復雜的自然規律，通過清晰的邏輯鏈條，一步步呈現在我們麵前。它不是在“告訴”你一個結論，而是在“帶領”你親自去推導齣那個結論，這種沉浸式的學習體驗是任何快速閱讀指南都無法替代的。每一次攻剋一個難懂的章節，都有一種智力上的巨大滿足感。

評分☆☆☆☆☆

這本書的語言風格非常獨特，它既有科學論著的嚴謹，又不失一位博物學傢的浪漫情懷。你可以感受到作者對自然界的熱愛和驚奇，他不僅僅是在陳述事實，更像是在嚮讀者展示他多年野外考察的精華總結。雖然某些段落的措辭略顯冗長和古典，但正是這種傳統的敘事方式，為那些革命性的思想披上瞭一層值得尊重的學術外衣。對於任何渴望理解生命科學根基的人來說，閱讀原著是無可替代的。它保留瞭作者最初提齣這些驚人想法時的語氣和語境，那些被後世無數次引用和討論的句子，在原文中讀來，其力量感是遠超任何翻譯版本所能傳達的。它讓人理解瞭科學理論是如何誕生的，而不是被簡化成教科書裏的幾個黑體字。

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很不錯的一本書哦哦哦哦！

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小開本，很劃算，環保紙很輕

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很好 活動很給力

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正版書，印刷質量好，字跡清楚，包裝也很細心，很早就想買瞭，一直等到現在

評分☆☆☆☆☆

非常喜歡，大師級的智慧。

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商品正版，活動閤適。

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孫武雄踞太湖西北，在軍嶂山排陣練兵，又揮師楚天，攻剋楚都，北威齊魯，南服越國，使吳國發展成為春鞦五霸之一。

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尚未發現其他較為明顯的缺點

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不知道是不是盜版的