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出国留学SAT考试参考读本,配套纯正美语朗读免费下载
内容简介
《美国历史(英文版)》是美国著名历史学家比尔德为美国中学生写作的一本历史读本,曾在美国学校使用并受到欢迎。全书根据美历史的不同阶段,划分为七个部分,从美洲大陆的发现到世界大战,共29篇。每一篇章归纳出若干知识点,便于学习理解。章节后面附有总结与讨论话题,引导读者进一步探讨与发现。
全英文文本,配合下载的朗读文件,对国内读者全提升英语更有很大帮助。
作者简介
继哈佛大学著名历史学家钱宁的《美国学生历史》(英汉双语版)出版问市后,受到众多读者欢迎,不少读者期望能买到英文原版关于美国历史的教材,此书正是为满足这部分读者纯英文阅读的需求。
这本全英文版的《美国历史》由美国著名历史学家比尔德编写,以西方人的视角,深入浅出地介绍了从殖民地时期到世界大战期间美国历史上的重大事件与文明发展。本书按不同历史时期,分知识点,一一讲述,便于理解记忆。为使读者更好地理解和掌握各章的重点和难点,每章末尾还附有练习题和思考题。文中还配有相应的插图,便于对不同地域和各个时期人物及事件有更直观感受。通过阅读本书,能理清美国历史发展脉络,获得对美国历史全景式认知,从而能更好地了解美国这个社会和文化多元的国家。
本英文版适合高中以上读者阅读使用,对于备考SAT的学生应该很有帮助。全书提供配套英文朗读下载,在提升阅读水平的同时练习英文听力与口语。对于普通英语学习爱好者,也是一本很好的了解美国历史的学习读本。作者在前言中,对此书的特点作了如下介绍:
It is not upon negative features, however, that we rest our case. It is rather upon constructive features.
First. We have written a topical, not a narrative, history. We have tried to set forth the important aspects, problems, and movements of each period, bringing in the narrative rather by way of illustration.
Second. We have emphasized those historical topics which help to explain how our nation has come to be what it is to-day.
Third. We have dwelt fully upon the social and economic aspects of our history, especially in relation to the politics of each period.
Fourth. We have treated the causes and results of wars, the problems of financing and sustaining armed forces, rather than military strategy. These are the subjects, which belong to a history for civilians. These are matters which civilians can understand-matters which they must understand, if they are to play well their part in war and peace.
Fifth. By omitting the period of exploration, we have been able to enlarge the treatment of our own time. We have given special attention to the history of those current questions which must form the subject matter of sound instruction in citizenship.
Sixth. We have borne in mind that America, with all her unique characteristics, is a part of a general civilization. Accordingly we have given diplomacy, foreign affairs, world relations, and the reciprocal influences of nations their appropriate place.
Seventh. We have deliberately aimed at standards of maturity.
The study of a mere narrative calls mainly for the use of the memory. We have aimed to stimulate habits of analysis, comparison, association, reflection, and generalization-habits calculated to enlarge as well as inform the mind. We have been at great pains to make our text clear, simple, and direct; but we have earnestly sought to stretch the intellects of our readers- to put them upon their mettle. Most of them will receive the last of their formal instruction in the high school. The world will soon expect maturity from them. Their achievements will depend upon the possession of other powers than memory alone. The effectiveness of their citizenship in our republic will be measured by the excellence of their judgment as well as the fullness of their information.
内页插图
精彩书评
查尔斯·A·比尔德,美国著名历史学家,去世于1948年。他写作的《美国文明的兴起》一书,被商务印书馆翻译出版并选入“汉译名著”系列。
Charles Austin Beard (November 27, 1874-September 1, 1948) was an American historian. He published hundreds of monographs, textbooks and interpretive studies in both history and political science. His works included radical re-evaluation of the Founding Fathers of the United States, whom he believed were more motivated by economics than by philosophical principles.
Mary Ritter Beard (August 5, 1876-August 14, 1958) was an influential American historian and
archivist , who played an important role in the women's suffrage movement and was a lifelong advocate for social justice through educational and activist roles in both the labor and woman's rights movements. She wrote several books on women's role in history including On Understanding Women (1931), America Through Women's Eyes (1933) and Woman As Force In History: A Study in Traditions and Realities (1946). In addition, she collaborated with her husband, eminent historian Charles Austin Beard on several distinguished works, most notably The Rise of American Civilization (1927).
目录
PART I THE COLONIAL PERIOD
1 THE GREAT MIGRATION TO AMERICA
The Agencies of American Colonization
The Colonial Peoples
The Process of Colonization
2 COLONIAL AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE
The Land and the Westward Movement
Industrial and Commercial Development
3 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PROGRESS
The Leadership of the Churches
Schools and Colleges
The Colonial Press
The Evolution in Political Institutions
4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLONIAL NATIONALISM
Relations with the Indians and the French
The Effects of Warfare on the Colonies
Colonial Relations with the British Government
Summary of the Colonial Period
PART II CONFLICT AND INDEPENDENCE
5 THE NEW COURSE IN BRITISH IMPERIAL POLICY
George III and His System
George III s Ministers and Their Colonial Policies
Colonial Resistance Forces Repeal
Resumption of British Revenue and Commercial Policies
Renewed Resistance in America
Retaliation by the British Government
From Reform to Revolution in America
6 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Resistance and Retaliation
American Independence
The Establishment of Government and the New Allegiance
Military Affairs
The Finances of the Revolution
The Diplomacy of the Revolution
Peace at Last
Summary of the Revolutionary Period
PART III FOUNDATIONS OF THE UNION AND NATIONAL POLITICS
7 THE FORMATION OF THE CONSTITUTION
The Promise and the Difficulties of America
The Calling of a Constitutional Convention
The Framing of the Constitution
The Struggle over Ratification
8 THE CLASH OF POLITICAL PARTIES 115
The Men and Measures of the New Government
The Rise of Political Parties
Foreign Influences and Domestic Politics
9 THE JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLICANS IN POWER 132
Republican Principles and Policies
The Republicans and the Great West
The Republican War for Commercial Independence
The Republicans Nationalized
The National Decisions of Chief Justice Marshall
Summary of the Union and National Politics
PART IV THE WEST AND JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
1 THE FARMERS BEYOND THE APPALACHIANS 155
Preparation for Western Settlement
The Western Migration and New States
The Spirit of the Frontier
The West and the East Meet
11 JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY 17
The Democratic Movement in the East
The New Democracy Enters the Arena
The New Democracy at Washington
The Rise of the Whigs
The Interaction of American and European Opinion
12 THE MIDDLE BORDER AND THE GREAT WEST 194
The Advance of the Middle Border
On to the Pacific-Texas and the Mexican War
The Pacific Coast and Utah
Summary of Western Development and National Politics
PART V SECTIONAL CONFLICT AND RECONSTRUCTION
13 THE RISE OF THE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM 211
The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution and National Politics
14 THE PLANTING SYSTEM AND NATIONAL POLITICS 226
Slavery-North and South
Slavery in National Politics
The Drift of Events toward the Irrepressible Conflict
15 THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION 245
The Southern Confederacy
The War Measures of the Federal Government
The Results of the Civil War
Reconstruction in the South
Summary of the Sectional Conflict
PART VI NATIONAL GROWTH AND WORLD POLITICS
16 THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC EVOLUTION OF THE SOUTH 27
The South at the Close of the War
The Restoration of White Supremacy
The Economic Advance of the South
17 BUSINESS ENTERPRISE AND THE REPUBLICAN PARTY 285
Railways and Industry
The Supremacy of the Republican Party (1861-85)
The Growth of Opposition to Republican Rule
18 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREAT WEST 3
The Railways As Trail Blazers
The Evolution of Grazing and Agriculture
Mining and Manufacturing in the West
The Admission of New States
The Influence of the Far West on National Life
19 DOMESTIC ISSUES BEFORE THE COUNTRY (1865-1897) 322
The Currency Question
The Protective Tariff and Taxation
The Railways and Trusts
The Minor Parties and Unrest
The Sound Money Battle of 1896
Republican Measures and Results
2 AMERICA A WORLD POWER (1865-19) 34
American Foreign Relations (1865-98)
Cuba and the Spanish War
American Policies in the Philippines and the Orient
Summary of National Growth and World Politics
PART VII PROGRESSIVE DEMOCRACY AND THE WORLD WAR
21 THE EVOLUTION OF REPUBLICAN POLICIES (19-1913) 362
Foreign Affairs
Colonial Administration
The Roosevelt Domestic Policies
Legislative and Executive Activities
The Administration of President Taft
Progressive Insurgency and the Election of 1912
22 THE SPIRIT OF REFORM IN AMERICA 382
An Age of Criticism
Political Reforms
Measures of Economic Reform
23 THE NEW POLITICAL DEMOCRACY 395
The Rise of the Woman Movement
The National Struggle for Woman Suffrage
24 INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY 4
Cooperation between Employers and Employees
The Rise and Growth of Organized Labor
The Wider Relations of Organized Labor
Immigration and Americanization
25 PRESIDENT WILSON AND THE WORLD WAR 418
Domestic Legislation
Colonial and Foreign Policies
The United States and the European War
The United States at War
The Settlement at Paris
Summary of Democracy and the World War
精彩书摘
CHAPTER 1 THE GREAT MIGRATION TO AMERICA
The tide of migration that set in toward the shores of North America during the early years of the seventeenth century was but one phase in the restless and eternal movement of mankind upon the surface of the earth. The ancient Greeks flung out their colonies in every direction, westward as far as Gaul, across the Mediterranean, and eastward into Asia Minor, perhaps to the very confines of India. The Romans, supported by their armies and their government, spread their dominion beyond the narrow lands of Italy until it stretched from the heather of Scotland to the sands of Arabia. The Teutonic tribes, from their home beyond the Danube and the Rhine, poured into the empire of the C?sars and made the beginnings of modern Europe. Of this great sweep of races and empires the settlement of America was merely a part. And it was, moreover, only one aspect of the expansion which finally carried the peoples, the institutions, and the trade of Europe to the very ends of the earth.
In one vital point, it must be noted, American colonization differed from that of the ancients. The Greeks usually carried with them affection for the government they left behind and sacred fire from the altar of the parent city; but thousands of the immigrants who came to America disliked the state and disowned the church of the mother country. They established compacts of government for themselves and set up altars of their own. They sought not only new soil to till but also political and religious liberty for themselves and their children.
The Agencies of American Colonization
It was no light matter for the English to cross three thousand miles of water and found homes in the American wilderness at the opening of the seventeenth century. Ships, tools, and supplies called for huge outlays of money. Stores had to be furnished in quantities sufficient to sustain the life of the settlers until they could gather harvests of their own. Artisans and laborers of skill and industry had to be induced to risk the hazards of the new world. Soldiers were required for defense and mariners for the exploration of inland waters. Leaders of good judgment, adept in managing men, had to be discovered. Altogether such an enterprise demanded capital larger than the ordinary merchant or gentleman could amass and involved risks more imminent than he dared to assume. Though in later days, after initial tests had been made, wealthy proprietors were able to establish colonies on their own account, it was the corporation that furnished the capital and leadership in the beginning.
The Trading Company.-English pioneers in exploration found an instrument for colonization in companies of merchant adventurers, which had long been employed in carrying on commerce with foreign countries. Such a corporation was composed of many persons of different ranks of society-noblemen, merchants, and gentlemen-who banded together for a particular undertaking, each contributing a sum of money and sharing in the profits of the venture. It was organized under royal authority; it received its charter, its grant of land, and its trading privileges from the king and carried on its operations under his supervision and control. The charter named all the persons originally included in the corporation and gave them certain powers in the management of its affairs, including the right to admit new members. The company was in fact a little government set up by the king. When the members of the corporation remained in England, as in the case of the Virginia Company, they operated through agents sent to the colony. When they came over the seas themselves and settled in America, as in the case of Massachusetts, they became the direct government of the country they possessed. The stockholders in that instance became the voters and the governor, the chief magistrate.
Four of the thirteen colonies in America owed their origins to the trading corporation. It was the London Company, created by King James I, in 1606, that laid during the following year the foundations of Virginia at Jamestown. It was under the auspices of their West India Company, chartered in 1621, that the Dutch planted the settlements of the New Netherland in the valley of the Hudson. The founders of Massachusetts were Puritan leaders and men of affairs whom King Charles I incorporated in 1629 under the title: "The governor and company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England." In this case the law did but incorporate a group drawn together by religious ties. "We must be knit together as one man," wrote John Winthrop, the first Puritan governor in America. Far to the south, on the banks of the Delaware River, a Swedish commercial company in 1638 made the beginnings of a settlement, christened New Sweden; it was destined to pass under the rule of the Dutch, and finally under the rule of William Penn as the proprietary colony of Delaware.
In a certain sense, Georgia may be included among the "company colonies." It was, however, originally conceived by the moving spirit, James Oglethorpe, as an asylum for poor men, especially those imprisoned for debt. To realize this humane purpose, he secured from King George II, in 1732, a royal charter uniting several gentlemen, including himself, into "one body politic and corporate," known as the "Trustees for establishing the colony of Georgia in America." In the structure of their organization and their methods of government, the trustees did not differ materially from the regular companies created for trade and colonization. Though their purposes were benevolent, their transactions had to be under the forms of law and according to the rules of business.
……
前言/序言
As things now stand, the course of instruction in American history in our public schools embraces three distinct treatments of the subject. Three separate books are used. First, there is the primary book, which is usually a very condensed narrative with emphasis on biographies and anecdotes.
Second, there is the advanced text for the seventh or eighth grade, generally speaking, an expansion of the elementary book by the addition of forty or fifty thousand words. Finally, there is the high school manual. This, too, ordinarily follows the beaten path, giving fuller accounts of the same events and characters. To put it bluntly, we do not assume that our children obtain permanent possessions from their study of history in the lower grades. If mathematicians followed the same method, high school texts on algebra and geometry would include the multiplication table and fractions.
There is, of course, a ready answer to the criticism advanced above. It is that teachers have learned from bitter experience how little history their pupils retain as they pass along the regular route. No teacher of history will deny this. Still it is a standing challenge to existing methods of historical instruction. If the study of history cannot be made truly progressive like the study of mathematics, science, and languages, then the historians assume a grave responsibility in adding their subject to the already overloaded curriculum. If the successive historical texts are only enlarged editions of the first text-more facts, more dates, more words-then history deserves most of the sharp criticism which it is receiving from teachers of science, civics, and economics.
In this condition of affairs we find our justification for offering a new high school text in American history. Our first contribution is one of omission. The time-honored stories of exploration and the biographies of heroes are left out. We frankly hold that, if pupils know little or nothing about Columbus, Cortes, Magellan, or Captain John Smith by the time they reach the high school, it is useless to tell the same stories for perhaps the fourth time. It is worse than useless. It is an offense against the teachers of those subjects that are demonstrated to be progressive in character.
In the next place we have omitted all descriptions of battles. Our reasons for this are simple. The strategy of a campaign or of a single battle is a highly technical, and usually a highly controversial, matter about which experts differ widely. In the field of military and naval operations most writers and teachers of history are mere novices. To dispose of Gettysburg or the Wilderness in ten lines or ten pages is equally absurd to the serious student of military affairs. Any one who compares the ordinary textbook account of a single Civil War campaign with the account given by Ropes, for instance, will ask for no further comment. No youth called upon to serve our country in arms would think of turning to a high school manual for information about the art of warfare. The dramatic scene or episode, so useful in arousing the interest of the immature pupil, seems out of place in a book that deliberately appeals to boys and girls on the very threshold of life's serious responsibilities.
It is not upon negative features, however, that we rest our case. It is rather upon constructive features.
First. We have written a topical, not a narrative, history. We have tried to set forth the important aspects, problems, and movements of each period, bringing in the narrative rather by way of illustration.
Second. We have emphasized those historical topics which help to explain how our nation has come to be what it is to-day.
Third. We have dwelt fully upon the social and economic aspects of our history, especially in relation to the politics of each period.
Fourth. We have treated the causes and results of wars, the problems of financing and sustaining armed forces, rather than military strategy. These are the subjects which belong to a history for civilians. These are matters which civilians can understand-matters which they must understand, if they are to play well their part in war and peace.
Fifth. By omitting the period of exploration, we have been able to enlarge the treatment of our own time. We have given special attention to the history of those current questions which must form the subject matter of sound instruction in citizenship.
Sixth. We have borne in mind that America, with all her unique characteristics, is a part of a general civilization. Accordingly we have given diplomacy, foreign affairs, world relations, and the reciprocal influences of nations their appropriate place.
Seventh. We have deliberately aimed at standards of maturity. The study of a mere narrative calls mainly for the use of the memory. We have aimed to stimulate habits of analysis, comparison, association, reflection, and generalization-habits calculated to enlarge as well as inform the mind.
We have been at great pains to make our text clear, simple, and direct; but we have earnestly sought to stretch the intellects of our readers-to put them upon their mettle. Most of them will receive the last of their formal instruction in the high school. The world will soon expect maturity from them. Their achievements will depend upon the possession of other powers than memory alone. The effectiveness of their citizenship in our republic will be measured by the excellence of their judgment as well as the fullness of their information.
C.A.B.
M.R.B.
NEW YORK CITY
一段横跨几个世纪的宏大叙事,一次对塑造现代世界的深刻探索。 这不仅仅是一本关于美国建国的历史读物,它更是一幅波澜壮阔的画卷,描绘了这片大陆上,从遥远的殖民时代到今日的复杂景象。本书深入浅出地梳理了美国历史的脉络,聚焦那些塑造了国家灵魂的关键时刻、重要人物以及深远影响的事件。 殖民地的孕育与独立之声: 故事始于早期欧洲探险家的足迹,以及随后建立的十二个殖民地如何在新大陆上扎根。我们将回顾不同殖民地迥异的发展路径,它们各自的社会结构、经济模式以及宗教信仰如何交织融合,为日后的独立埋下伏笔。从五月花号的契约精神,到波士顿倾茶事件的怒火,本书生动再现了殖民地人民如何从对遥远宗主国的依恋,逐步走向对自由和自治的渴望。独立宣言的签署,不仅仅是一纸文件,更是对人类追求解放的伟大承诺,以及在一场艰苦卓绝的战争中,这承诺如何得以实现,成为一个新国家的诞生。 共和国的建立与扩张的步伐: 新生的美利坚共和国面临着巨大的挑战。本书将详细阐述制宪会议的艰难博弈,以及《宪法》这部里程碑式文献的诞生过程,它如何建立起一套权力制衡的政治体系,为国家的长期稳定奠定了基础。共和国的早期发展充满了试探与成长,从第一任总统的就职,到党派政治的初现,再到国家疆域的不断扩张。西进运动的浪潮,如同无形的巨手,将美国的版图向西推进,带来了机遇,也带来了对原住民的冲突与牺牲。路易斯安那购地案,如同一个战略性的跳跃,极大地拓展了国家的发展空间。 内战的裂痕与重建的阵痛: 奴隶制的阴影,如同一颗定时炸弹,终于在19世纪中期引爆。本书将深刻剖析导致南北战争爆发的根本原因,包括经济差异、政治分歧以及道德上的巨大鸿沟。从林肯总统的领导,到葛底斯堡演讲的感人肺腑,再到战争的血腥与残酷,我们见证了一个国家如何经历最痛苦的分裂与最惨烈的自相残杀。内战的结束,带来了联邦的统一,但随之而来的重建时期,却充满了复杂性与挑战。非裔美国人争取平等权利的道路依然漫长而艰辛,南方社会也在努力适应新的秩序。 工业化浪潮与社会变革的洪流: 19世纪末20世纪初,美国迎来了工业化的黄金时代。巨大的工厂拔地而起,科技的创新层出不穷,铁路网连接起广袤的国土,移民的到来为国家注入了新的活力。然而,财富的积累也伴随着贫富差距的加剧,工人阶级的斗争,以及对垄断资本的质疑,催生了进步主义运动。本书将展现这一时期社会结构的深刻变迁,城市化的进程,以及女性权利、劳工权益等一系列社会改革的呼声。 两次世界大战与超级大国的崛起: 20世纪的两次世界大战,将美国从一个相对孤立的国度推向了世界舞台的中心。本书将详细描绘美国参战的动机与过程,以及战争对国内社会经济带来的巨大影响。两次战争的胜利,以及战后国际格局的重塑,最终确立了美国作为全球超级大国的地位。冷战的开始,东西方两大阵营的对峙,贯穿了近半个世纪,塑造了美国的外交政策,也影响了其国内社会的方方面面。从太空竞赛的辉煌,到核军备竞赛的紧张,再到意识形态的激烈交锋,本书将呈现这一复杂而充满戏剧性的历史时期。 民权运动的呐喊与多元社会的形成: 20世纪中叶,民权运动的浪潮席卷全国。马丁·路德·金博士的非暴力抵抗, Rosa Parks 的勇敢抉择,以及无数普通人的参与,最终推翻了种族隔离制度,为非裔美国人争取到了应有的权利。本书将深刻探讨这一运动的意义,以及它如何为美国社会朝着更加多元、包容的方向发展奠定基础。从女权运动的兴起,到 LGBTQ+ 群体的争取,再到不同族裔、文化群体在国家发展中扮演的角色,我们将看到一个不断演变、更加丰富的美国社会图景。 冷战的落幕与新时代的挑战: 柏林墙的倒塌,苏联的解体,标志着冷战的结束。美国进入了一个新的历史阶段,但新的挑战也随之而来。全球化进程的加速,科技革命的深入,以及恐怖主义的威胁,都在不断重塑着美国的面貌。本书将探讨这些新趋势如何影响美国的政治、经济、文化以及国际地位,并审视美国在21世纪所面临的机遇与困境。 本书不仅是对历史事件的简单罗列,更是一次深入的分析与解读。 它将引导读者去思考美国制度的优劣,其社会发展的动力与阻力,以及其在世界格局中的定位。从政治思想的演变,到经济模式的变迁,从文化思潮的碰撞,到社会价值观的重塑,本书力图呈现一个立体、多维度的美国历史。通过阅读本书,你将对这个由无数个体命运、集体抉择以及时代浪潮共同塑造的国家,获得更深刻的理解与更广阔的视野。这是一段值得你深入探索的旅程,一段关于自由、民主、奋斗与梦想的史诗。