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美保罗萨缪尔森威廉诺德豪斯作 于健 著

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• 经济学
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• 双语
• 正版
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• 19版
• 注疏本
• 曼昆
• 大学教材

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出版社： 人民邮电出版社

ISBN：9787115279453

商品编码：28279505460

包装：平装

出版时间：2012-09-01

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基本信息

书名：微观经济学(19版 双语注疏本)

定价：68.00元

作者：(美)保罗？萨缪尔森威廉？诺德豪斯作 于健

出版社：人民邮电出版社

出版日期：2012-09-01

ISBN：9787115279453

字数：

页码：

版次：1

装帧：平装

开本：16开

商品重量：0.899kg

编辑推荐

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　　《微观经济学》（19版，双语注疏本）是萨缪尔森先生的英文绝笔，想读萨缪尔森先生英文原本的读者除了可以欣赏他深厚的文学素养外，还可以读到注疏者独到的中文解读以及详尽的注释。

内容提要

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　　《微观经济学》（19版，双语注疏本）是萨缪尔森先生的绝笔，《微观经济学》自1948 年问世以来就广受赞誉，先后被翻译成40多种文字，是有史以来发行量*、至今在全球范围内仍然被广泛采用的经济学教科书。《微观经济学》在经历了前18个版本的积累和沉淀后融入了时代变革的元素和新的案例及数据。以此为基础，为了让广大读者对萨缪尔森经典有更好的了解，我们添加了词句解释和注疏——既有译者对标题和难懂的词句的中文注释，也有译者对英文原文中的语言、原作者的写作背景以及经济学家和企业等的注疏。

目录

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一位中道老者的宣言
前　言
经济学与互联网
编　基本概念
第1 章　经济学的主要概念
第1 章附录　如何看图
第2 章　现代混合经济
第3 章　供给和需求的基本原理
第二编　微观经济学：供给、需求和
　　　　产品市场
第4 章　供给和需求：弹性和应用
第5 章　需求和消费者行为
第5 章附录　消费均衡的几何分析
第6 章　生产和企业组织
第7 章　成本分析
第7 章附录　生产、成本理论和企业决策
第8 章　完全竞争市场分析
第9 章　不完全竞争及垄断
第10 章　几个竞争者之间的竞争
第11 章　不确定性经济学
第三编　要素市场 ：劳动、土地和资本
第12 章　市场如何决定收入
第13 章　劳动市场
第14 章　土地、自然资源和环境
第15 章　资本、利息和利润
A Centrist Proclamation xxxi
Preface xxxiii
For the Student: Economics and the Inter xxxviii
PART ONE BASIC CONCEPTS 1
Chapter 1 The Central Concepts of Economics 3
Appendix 1 How to Read Graphs 18
Chapter 2 The Modern Mixed Economy 25
Chapter 3 Basic Elements of Supply and Demand 45
PART TWO MICROECONOMICS: SUPPLY,
DEMAND, AND PRODUCT MARKETS 63
Chapter 4 Supply and Demand: Elasticity and Applications 65
Chapter 5 Demand and Consumer Behavior 84
Appendix 5 Geometrical Analysis of Consumer Equilibrium 101
Chapter 6 Production and Business Organization 107
Chapter 7 Analysis of Costs 126
Appendix 7 Production, Cost Theory, and Decisions of the Firm144
Chapter 8 Analysis of Perfectly Competitive Markets 149
Chapter 9 Imperfect Competition and Monopoly 169
Chapter 10 Competition among the Few 187
Chapter 11 Economics of Uncertainty 211
PART THREE FACTOR MARKETS: LABOR, LAND,
AND CAPITAL 227
Chapter 12 How Markets Determine Ines 229
Chapter 13 The Labor Market 248
Chapter 14 Land, Natural Resources, and the Environment 267
Chapter 15 Capital, Interest, and Profits 283
Contents in Brief
PART FOUR APPLICATIONS OF ECONOMIC
PRINCIPLES 301
Chapter 16 Government Taxation and Expenditure 303
Chapter 17 Efficiency vs. Equality: The Big Tradeoff 323
Chapter 18 International Trade 339
Glossary of Terms 365
Index 392
第四编　经济学原理的应用
第16 章　税收和支出
第17 章　效率与公平的平衡
第18 章　国际贸易
专业术语表
索　引

A Centrist Proclamation xxxi
Preface xxxiii
For the Student: Economics and the Inter xxxviii
PART ONE BASIC CONCEPTS 1
Chapter 1 The Central Concepts of Economics 3
A. Why Study Economics 3
For Whom the Bell Toll 3
Scarcity and Efficiency: The Twin Themes of Economics 3
Definitions of Economics
Scarcity and Efficiency
Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
The Logic of Economics 5
Cool Heads at the Service of Warm Hearts 6
B. The Three Problems of Economic Organization 7
Market, Command, and Mixed Economies 8
C. Society’s Technological Possibilities 8
Inputs and Outputs 9
The Production-Possibility Frontier 9
Applying the PPF to Society’s Choices
Opportunity Costs
Efficiency
Summary 15
Concepts for Review 15
Further Reading and Inter Websites 16
Questions for Discussion 16
Appendix 1 How to Read Graphs 18
The Production-Possibility Frontier 18
Production-Possibility Graph
A Smooth Curve
Slopes and Lines
Slope of a Curved Line
Slope as the Marginal Value
Shifts of and Movement along Curves
Some Special Graphs
Summary to Appendix 23
Concepts for Review 24
Questions for Discussion 24
详细目录
一位中道老者的宣言
前　言
经济学与互联网
编　基本概念
第1 章　经济学的主要概念
A. 为什么学经济学
战地钟声
稀缺与效率：经济学的双重主题
经济学的定义
稀缺与效率
微观经济学与宏观经济学
经济学的逻辑
热切的心情，冷静的头脑
B. 经济组织的三个问题
市场经济、指令经济与混合经济
C. 社会的技术可能性
投入和产出
生产的可能性边界
生产可能性边界的应用
机会成本
效　率
总　结
概念复习
补充读物和互联网站
问题讨论
第1 章附录　如何看图
生产可能性边界
生产可能性图表
一条平滑的曲线
斜率和线段
曲线的斜率
作为边际值的斜率
曲线的移动和沿着曲线移动
某些特殊的图
总　结
概念复习
问题讨论
Contents
Chapter 2 The Modern Mixed Economy 25
A. The Market Mechanism 26
Not Chaos, but Economic Order
How Markets Solve the Three Economic Problems
The Dual Monarchy
A Picture of Prices and Markets
The Invisible Hand
B. Trade, Money, and Capital 30
Trade, Specialization, and Division of Labor 31
Money: The Lubricant of Exchange 33
Capital 33
Capital and Private Property
C. The Visible Hand of Government 34
Efficiency 35
Imperfect Competition
Externalities
Public Goods
Equity 38
Macroeconomic Growth and Stability 39
The Rise of the Welfare State 40
Conservative Backlash
The Mixed Economy Today
Summary 41
Concepts for Review 42
Further Reading and Inter Websites 43
Questions for Discussion 43
Chapter 3 Basic Elements of Supply and Demand 45
A. The Demand Schedule 46
The Demand Curve 47
Market Demand
Forces behind the Demand Curve
Shifts in Demand
B. The Supply Schedule 51
The Supply Curve 51
Forces behind the Supply Curve
Shifts in Supply
C. Equilibrium of Supply and Demand 53
Equilibrium with Supply and Demand Curves 54
Effect of a Shift in Supply or Demand
Interpreting Changes in Price and Quantity
Supply, Demand, and Immigration
Rationing by Prices 59
第2 章　现代混合经济
A. 市场机制
不是混乱，而是经济秩序
市场如何解决三个经济问题
双重君主
价格和市场关系图
看不见的手
B. 贸易、货币和资本
贸易、专业化和劳动分工
货币：交换的润滑剂
资　本
资本和私有财产
C. 的看得见的手
效　率
不完全竞争
外部性
公共物品
公　平
宏观经济增长与稳定
福利国家的产生
保守派的反击
当今的混合经济
总　结
概念复习
补充读物和互联网站
问题讨论
第3 章　供给与需求的基本原理
A. 需求表
需求曲线
市场需求
需求曲线背后的因素
需求的变动
B. 供给表
供给曲线
供给曲线背后的因素
供给的变动
C. 供给与需求的均衡
供给曲线与需求曲线的均衡
供给或需求的移动对均衡的影响
解释价格和数量的变动
供给、需求和移民
通过价格配给
Summary 60
Concepts for Review 61
Further Reading and Inter Websites 61
Questions for Discussion 61
PART TWO MICROECONOMICS: SUPPLY,
DEMAND, AND PRODUCT MARKETS 63
Chapter 4 Supply and Demand: Elasticity and Applications 65
A. Price Elasticity of Demand and Supply 65
Price Elasticity of Demand 65
Calculating Elasticities
Price Elasticity in Diagrams
A Shortcut for Calculating Elasticities
The Algebra of Elasticities
Elasticity Is Not the Same as Slope
Elasticity and Revenue 70
The Paradox of the Bumper Harvest
Price Elasticity of Supply 72
B. Applications to Major Economic Issues 73
The Economics of Agriculture 73
Long-Run Relative Decline of Farming
Impact of a Tax on Price and Quantity 75
Minimum Floors and Maximum Ceilings 77
The Minimum-Wage Controversy
Energy Price Controls
Rationing by the Queue, by Coupons, or by the Purse
Summary 81
Concepts for Review 82
Further Reading and Inter Websites 82
Questions for Discussion 82
Chapter 5 Demand and Consumer Behavior 84
Choice and Utility Theory 84
Marginal Utility and the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility
A Numerical Example
Derivation of Demand Curves 87
The Equimarginal Principle
Why Demand Curves Slope Downward
Leisure and the Optimal Allocation of Time
Analytical Developments in Utility Theory
An Alternative Approach: Substitution Effect and Ine Effect89
Substitution Effect
总　结
概念复习
补充读物和互联网站
问题讨论
第二编　微观经济学：供给、需求和
　　　　产品市场
第4 章　供给和需求：弹性和应用
A. 需求和供给的价格弹性
需求的价格弹性
弹性的计算
价格弹性图
计算弹性的捷径
弹性的代数计算
弹性与斜率不同
弹性和收益
农作物大丰收背后的悖论
供给的价格弹性
B. 弹性在主要经济问题中的应用
农业经济学
农业在长期相对衰落
税收对价格和数量的影响
低下限与高上限
关于低工资的争议
能源价格管制
通过排队、配给券及资金进行配给
总　结
概念复习
补充读物和互联网站
问题讨论
第5 章　需求和消费者行为
选择和效用理论
边际效用和边际效用递减规律
效用的数字图表说明
需求曲线的衍生
等边际法则
为什么需求曲线向下倾斜
闲暇和时间的优分配
效用理论的应用分析
另一种分析方法：替代效应和收入效应
替代效应
Ine Effect
From Individual to Market Demand 91
Demand Shifts
Substitutes and Complements
Empirical Estimates of Price and Ine Elasticities
The Economics of Addiction 94
The Paradox of Value 95
Consumer Surplus 96
Applications of Consumer Surplus
Summary 98
Concepts for Review 99
Further Reading and Inter Websites 99
Questions for Discussion 99
Appendix 5 Geometrical Analysis of Consumer Equilibrium 101
The Indifference Curve 101
Law of Substitution
The Indifference Map
Budget Line or Budget Constraint 103
The Equilibrium Position of Tangency 104
Changes in Ine and Price 104
Ine Change
Single Price Change
Deriving the Demand Curve 105
Summary to Appendix 106
Concepts for Review 106
Questions for Discussion 106
Chapter 6 Production and Business Organization 107
A. Theory of Production and Marginal Products 107
Basic Concepts 107
The Production Function
Total, Average, and Marginal Product
The Law of Diminishing Returns
Returns to Scale 111
Short Run and Long Run 112
Technological Change 113
Productivity and the Aggregate Production Function 116
Productivity
Productivity Growth from Economies of Scale and Scope
Empirical Estimates of the Aggregate Production Function
B. Business Organizations 118
The Nature of the Firm 118
收入效应
从个人需求到市场需求
需求的移动
替代品和互补品
价格弹性和收入弹性的经验估计
上瘾物品的经济学问题
价值悖论
消费者剩余
消费者剩余的应用
总　结
概念复习
补充读物和互联网站
问题讨论
第5 章附录　消费者均衡的几何分析
无差异曲线
替代规律
无差异曲线图
预算线或预算约束
切点的均衡位置
收入和价格的变化
收入变化
一种物品的价格变化
推导需求曲线
总　结
概念复习
问题讨论
第6 章　生产和企业组织
A. 生产理论和边际产量
基本概念
生产函数
总产量、平均产量和边际产量
边际收益递减规律
规模报酬
短期和长期
技术变革
生产率与总生产函数
生产率
规模经济和范围经济引起的生产率上升
总生产函数的经验估计
B. 企业组织
企业的性质
Big, Small, and Infi nitesimal Businesses 119
The Individual Proprietorship
The Partnership
The Corporation
Ownership, Control, and Executive Compensation
Summary 123
Concepts for Review 124
Further Reading and Inter Websites 124
Questions for Discussion 124
Chapter 7 Analysis of Costs 126
A. Economic Analysis of Costs 126
Total Cost: Fixed and Variable 126
Fixed Cost
Variable Cost
Definition of Marginal Cost 127
Average Cost 129
Average or Unit Cost
Average Fixed and Variable Costs
The Relation between Average Cost and Marginal Cost
The Link between Production and Costs 132
Diminishing Returns and U-Shaped Cost Curves
Choice of Inputs by the Firm 134
Marginal Products and the Least-Cost Rule
B. Economic Costs and Business Accounting 135
The Ine Statement, or Statement of Profit and Loss 135
The Balance Sheet 136
Accounting Conventions
Financial Finagling
C. Opportunity Costs 139
Opportunity Cost and Markets 140
Summary 141
Concepts for Review 142
Further Reading and Inter Websites 142
Questions for Discussion 142
Appendix 7 Production, Cost Theory, and Decisions of the Firm144
A Numerical Production Function 144
The Law of Diminishing Marginal Product 144
Least-Cost Factor Combination for a Given Output 145
Equal-Product Curves
Equal-Cost Lines
Equal-Product and Equal-Cost Contours: Least-Cost Tangency
大企业、小企业和微型企业
独资经营
合伙制
公　司
所有权、控制和高管薪酬
总　结
概念复习
补充读物和互联网站
问题讨论
第7 章　成本分析
A. 成本的经济分析
总成本：固定成本和可变成本
固定成本
可变成本
边际成本的定义
平均成本
平均成本或单位成本
平均固定成本和平均可变成本
平均成本和边际成本之间的关系
生产与成本之间的联系
收益递减和U 形成本曲线
企业的投入选择
边际产量和低成本法则
B. 经济成本和企业会计
收益表或损益表
资产负债表
会计惯例
财务欺
C. 机会成本
机会成本和市场
总　结
概念复习
补充读物和互联网站
问题讨论
第7 章附录　生产、成本理论和企业决策
数值化的生产函数
边际产量递减规律
既定产量的低成本要素组合
等产量曲线
等成本线
等产量曲线和等成本曲线的切点：低成本
Least-Cost Conditions
Summary to Appendix 147
Concepts for Review 148
Questions for Discussion 148
Chapter 8 Analysis of Perfectly Competitive Markets 149
A. Supply Behavior of the Competitive Firm 149
Behavior of a Competitive Firm 149
Profit Maximization
Perfect Competition
Competitive Supply Where Marginal Cost Equals Price
Total Cost and the Shutdown Condition
B. Supply Behavior in Competitive Industries 154
Summing All Firms’ Supply Curves to Get Market Supply 154
Short-Run and Long-Run Equilibrium 155
The Long Run for a Competitive Industry
C. Special Cases of Competitive Markets 157
General Rules 157
Constant Cost
Increasing Costs and Diminishing Returns
Fixed Supply and Economic Rent
Backward-Bending Supply Curve
Shifts in Supply
D. Efficiency and Equity of Competitive Markets 160
Evaluating the Market Mechanism 160
The Concept of Efficiency
Efficiency of Competitive Equilibrium
Equilibrium with Many Consumers and Markets
Marginal Cost as a Benchmark for Efficiency
Qualifications 163
Market Failures
Two Cheers for the Market, but Not Three
Summary 165
Concepts for Review 166
Further Reading and Inter Websites 166
Questions for Discussion 166
Chapter 9 Imperfect Competition and Monopoly 169
A. Patterns of Imperfect Competition 169
Definition of Imperfect Competition
Varieties of Imperfect Competitors 171
Monopoly
Oligopoly
成本小的条件
总　结
概念复习
问题讨论
第8 章　完全竞争市场分析
A. 竞争企业的供给行为
竞争企业的行为
利润大化
完全竞争
边际成本等于价格时的竞争供给
总成本与停业条件
B. 竞争行业的供给行为
加总所有企业的供给曲线得到市场供给曲线
短期和长期均衡
竞争性行业的长期均衡
C. 竞争市场的特殊情况
一般原则
成本不变
成本递增，收益递减
固定供给与经济租金
向后弯曲的供给曲线
供给的移动
D. 竞争市场的效率和公平
对市场机制的评价
效率的概念
竞争性均衡的效率
众多消费者和市场的均衡
边际成本是效率的标杆
限　制
市场失灵
市场有优点，也有缺点
总　结
概念复习
补充读物和互联网站
问题讨论
第9 章　不完全竞争及垄断
A. 不完全竞争的模式
不完全竞争的定义
形形的不完全竞争者
垄　断
寡　头
Monopolistic Competition
Sources of Market Imperfections 173
Costs and Market Imperfection
Barriers to Entry
B. Monopoly Behavior 177
The Concept of Marginal Revenue 177
Price, Quantity, and Total Revenue
Marginal Revenue and Price
Elasticity and Marginal Revenue
Profit-Maximizing Conditions 180
Monopoly Equilibrium in Graphs
Perfect Competition as a Polar Case of Imperfect Competition
The Marginal Principle: Let Bygones Be Bygones 183
Loss Aversion and the Marginal Principle
Summary 184
Concepts for Review 185
Further Reading and Inter Websites 185
Questions for Discussion 186
Chapter 10 Competition among the Few 187
A. Behavior of Imperfect Competitors 187
Measures of Market Power
The Nature of Imperfect Competition 189
Theories of Imperfect Competition 189
Collusive Oligopoly
Monopolistic Competition
Rivalry among the Few
Price Discrimination 193
B. Game Theory 195
Thinking about Price Setting
Basic Concepts 196
Alternative Strategies
Games, Games, Everywhere …
C. Public Policies to Combat Market Power 199
Economic Costs of Imperfect Competition 199
The Cost of Inflated Prices and Reduced Output
The Static Costs of Imperfect Competition
Public Policies on Imperfect Competition
Regulating Economic Activity 201
Why Regulate Industry
Containing Market Power
Remedying Information Failures
Antitrust Law and Economics 203
垄断竞争
市场不完全竞争的根源
成本与市场的不完全性
进入壁垒
B. 垄断行为
边际收益的概念
价格、数量和总收益
边际收益和价格
弹性和边际收益
利润大化的条件
垄断均衡图示
完全竞争是不完全竞争的一个情况
边际原则：让过去成为过去
损失规避和边际原则
总　结
概念复习
补充读物和互联网站
问题讨论
第10 章　几个竞争者之间的竞争
A. 不完全竞争者的行为
市场力量的衡量
不完全竞争的实质
不完全竞争理论
勾结寡头
垄断竞争
寡头之间的竞争
价格歧视
B. 博弈论
定价策略
基本概念
其他策略
博弈无处不在
C. 公共政策对市场的削弱
不完全竞争的经济成本
物价上涨与产出降低的成本
不完全竞争的静态成本
不完全竞争的公共政策
对经济活动的干预
为何干预产业
遏制市场力量
弥补信息失灵
反垄断法与经济意义
The Framework Statutes
Basic Issues in Antitrust Law: Conduct and Structure 204
Illegal Conduct
Structure: Is Bigness Badness
Antitrust Laws and Efficiency
Summary 207
Concepts for Review 208
Further Reading and Inter Websites 208
Questions for Discussion 209
Chapter 11 Economics of Uncertainty 211
A. Economics of Risk and Uncertainty 211
Speculation: Shipping Assets or Goods Across Space and Time212
Arbitrage and Geographic Price Patterns
Speculation and Price Behavior over Time
Shedding Risks through Hedging
The Economic Impacts of Speculation
Risk and Uncertainty 215
B. The Economics of Insurance 216
Capital Markets and Risk Sharing
Market Failures in Information 217
Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection
Social Insurance 218
C. Health Care: The Problem That Won’t Go Away 219
The Economics of Medical Care 219
Special Economic Features of Health Care
Health Care as a Social Insurance Program
Rationing Health Care
D. Innovation and Information 221
Schumpeter’s Radical Innovation
The Economics of Information
Intellectual Property Rights
The Dilemma of the Inter
Summary 224
Concepts for Review 225
Further Reading and Inter Websites 225
Questions for Discussion 225
PART THREE FACTOR MARKETS: LABOR,
LAND, AND CAPITAL 227
Chapter 12 How Markets Determine Ines 229
A. Ine and Wealth 229
框架条例
反垄断法的基本问题：行为和结构
非法行为
结构：大的不好吗
反垄断法与效率
总　结
概念复习
补充读物和互联网站
问题讨论
第11 章　不确定性经济学
A. 风险和不确定性经济学
投机：资产与商品的跨时空调配
套利和价格地理格局
不同时间的投机和价格行为
通过套期保值分摊风险
投机的经济影响
风险和不确定性
B. 保险经济学
资本市场与风险分担
信息的市场失灵
道德风险与逆向选择
社会保险
C. 卫生保健：问题不会消失
医疗保健经济学
卫生保健的特殊经济特点
社会保险计划中的卫生保健
医疗护理分配
D. 创新与信息
熊彼特的激进式创新
信息经济学
知识产权
互联网的困境
总　结
概念复习
补充读物和互联网站
问题讨论
第三编　要素市场 ：劳动、土地和资本
第12 章　市场如何决定收入
A. 收入与财富
Ine 230
Factor Ines vs. Personal Ines
Role of Government
Wealth 231
B. Input Pricing by Marginal Productivity 232
The Nature of Factor Demands 233
Demands for Factors Are Derived Demands
Demands for Factors Are Interdependent
Distribution Theory and Marginal Revenue Product 235
Marginal Revenue Product
The Demand for Factors of Production 236
Factor Demands for Profit-Maximizing Firms
Marginal Revenue Product and the Demand for Factors
Supply of Factors of Production 238
Determination of Factor Prices by Supply and Demand 239
The Distribution of National Ine 241
Marginal-Productivity Theory with Many Inputs
An Invisible Hand for Ines 243
Summary 244
Concepts for Review 245
Further Reading and Inter Websites 245
Questions for Discussion 245
Chapter 13 The Labor Market 248
A. Fundamentals of Wage Determination 248
The General Wage Level 248
Demand for Labor 249
Marginal Productivity Differences
International Comparisons
The Supply of Labor 251
Determinants of Supply
Empirical Findings
Wage Differentials 253
Differences in Jobs: Compensating Wage Differentials
Differences in People: Labor Quality
Differences in People: The“ Rents” of Unique Individuals
Segmented Markets and Nonpeting Groups
B. Labor Market Issues and Policies 257
The Economics of Labor Unions 257
Government and Collective Bargaining
How Unions Raise Wages 258
Theoretical Indeterminacy of Collective Bargaining
Effects on Wages and Employment 259
收　入
要素收入和个人收入
的角色
财　富
B. 边际生产率决定投入的价格
要素需求的性质
要素需求是派生需求
要素需求相互依赖
分配理论和边际收益产量
边际收益产量
生产要素的需求
追求利润大化的厂商的要素需求
边际收益产量和要素需求
生产要素的供给
供给和需求决定要素价格
国民收入的分配
多种投入要素的边际生产率理论
收入分配中是否也存在看不见的手
总　结
概念复习
补充读物和互联网站
问题讨论
第13 章　劳动市场
A. 工资决定的基本理论
一般工资水平
对劳动的需求
边际生产率差异
国际比较
劳动的供给
供给的决定因素
实证发现
工资差异
工种之间的差异：补偿性工资差异
补偿性工资的差异：劳动质量
人们的差异：独特个体的“租金”
分割的市场和非竞争性群体
B. 劳工市场的问题与政策
工会组织的经济意义
和集体协议
工会如何提高工资
集体协议在理论上的含糊之处
对工资和就业的影响
Has Unionization Raised Wages
Unions and Classical Unemployment
Discrimination 260
Economic Analysis of Discrimination 261
Definition of Discrimination
Discrimination by Exclusion
Taste for Discrimination
Statistical Discrimination
Economic Discrimination Against Women 263
Empirical Evidence 263
Reducing Labor Market Discrimination 264
Uneven Progress
Summary 264
Concepts for Review 265
Further Reading and Inter Websites 265
Questions for Discussion 266
Chapter 14 Land, Natural Resources, and the Environment 267
A. The Economics of Natural Resources 267
Resource Categories 268
Fixed Land and Rents 269
Rent as Return to Fixed Factors
Taxing Land
B. Environmental Economics 271
Externalities 271
Public vs. Private Goods
Market Inefficiency with Externalities 272
Analysis of Inefficiency
Valuing Damages
Graphical Analysis of Pollution
Policies to Correct Externalities 275
Government Programs
Private Approaches
Climate Change: To Slow or Not to Slow 278
Quarrel and Pollute, or Reason and Compute
Summary 280
Concepts for Review 281
Further Reading and Inter Websites 281
Questions for Discussion 281
Chapter 15 Capital, Interest, and Profits 283
A. Basic Concepts of Interest and Capital 283
What Is Capital
工会化提高了工资吗
工会与古典失业
歧　视
歧视的经济学分析
歧视的定义
排斥性歧视
歧视的偏好
统计性歧视
对妇女的经济歧视
经验证据
减少劳工市场歧视
不平坦的进步
总　结
概念复习
补充读物和互联网站
问题讨论
第14 章　土地、自然资源和环境
A. 自然资源的经济学问题
资源种类
固定数量的土地和租金
作为固定要素收益的租金
对土地征税
B. 环境经济学
外部性
公共物品和私人物品
外部性造成的市场低效率
对低效率的分析
对危害的评估
对污染的图形分析
制止外部性的政策
计划
自主模式
气候变化：放缓还是加快
争议和污染，争辩和计算
总　结
概念复习
补充读物和互联网站
问题讨论
第15 章　资本、利息和利润
A. 利息和资本的基本概念
什么是资本
Prices and Rentals on Investments
Capital vs. Financial Assets
The Rate of Return on Investments
Rates of Return and Interest Rates 284
Rate of Return on Capital
Financial Assets and Interest Rates
The Present Value of Assets 285
Present Value for Perpetuities
General Formula for Present Value
Acting to Maximize Present Value
The Mysterious World of Interest Rates 287
Real vs. Nominal Interest Rates
B. The Theory of Capital, Profits, and Interest 291
Basic Capital Theory 291
Roundaboutness
Diminishing Returns and the Demand for Capital
Determination of Interest and the Return on Capital
Graphical Analysis of the Return on Capital
Profits as a Return to Capital 295
Reported Profit Statistics
Determinants of Profits
Empirical Evidence on Returns to Labor and Capital
Summary 297
Concepts for Review 298
Further Reading and Inter Websites 298
Questions for Discussion 299
PART FOUR APPLICATIONS OF ECONOMIC
PRINCIPLES 301
Chapter 16 Government Taxation and Expenditure 303
A. Government Control of the Economy 303
The Tools of Government Policy 304
Trends in the Size of Government
The Growth of Government Controls and Regulation
The Functions of Government 306
Improving Economic Efficiency
Reducing Economic Inequality
Stabilizing the Economy through Macroeconomic Policies
Conducting International Economic Policy
Public-Choice Theory 308
B. Government Expenditures 309
Fiscal Federalism 309
投资的价格和租金
资本和金融资产
投资回报率
收益率和利率
资本收益率
金融资产和利率
资产的现值
资产的现值
现值的一般公式
使现值大化
利率的神秘世界
实际利率和名义利率
B. 资本、利润和利率理论
基本资本理论
迂回性
收益递减和资本需求
利率决定和资本收益
资本收益的图形分析
利润作为资本回报
申报利润统计
利润的决定因素
劳动和资本收益的经验证据
总　结
概念复习
补充读物和互联网站
问题讨论
第四编　经济学原理的应用
第16 章　的税收和支出
A. 对经济的控制
的政策工具
规模的变动趋势
对经济的控制和管制增加
的职能
提高经济效率
减少经济不公平
通过宏观经济政策稳定经济
执行国际经济政策
公共选择理论
B. 支出
财政联邦制
Federal Expenditures
State and Local Expenditures
Cultural and

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