具體描述
內容簡介
本叢書精選自劍橋大學齣版社為語言教師設計的多套論著和教程,均為當代語言教育領域的力作。由當今國際語言教育界的人士編著並由國內英語教育界專傢學者撰寫前言或導讀。本叢書的20個選題是目前英語教師需要瞭解的課題。本叢書可作為英語教師繼續教育和師範院校英語係的教材,並可供在職大中學教師和語言教育研究者使用。 精彩書評
外研社和人教社聯閤推齣這套“劍橋英語教師叢書”,以配閤全國中小學英語教師的培訓工程。本套叢書的使用者注意兩點:一, 這套書不僅僅傳播技巧,更重要的是提供思想和方法;不是提供對問題的現成答案,而是告訴你各種理論觀點和看法。第二,本套叢書的讀者應該努力初步掌握外語教學中的科研方法,學會設計小型的科研項目,學會進行課堂觀察,設計問捲,經常寫教學日誌,會抽樣,會收集各種數據,會統計和分析數據等。
…… 目錄
總序
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Series editors preface
Authorsacknowledgments
導讀
1.Introduction to evaluation
I GETTING STARTED
2.The context of second language evaluation
3.A framework for evaluation
4.Collecting information
II EVALUATING WITHOUT TESTS
5.Observation in the classroom
6.Portfolios and conferences
7.Journals,questionnaires,and interviews
III EVALUATING WITH TESTS
8.Testing
9.Objectives-referenced testing
10.Choosing and devising test tasks
11.Assembling and scoring tests
12.Interpreting test scores
13.Standardizde tests
14.Summary and integration
Index 精彩書摘
On the basis of their observations, teachers assess what students have and have not learned; they infer the learning strategies students may be using that are facilitating or:impeding learning; they assess the effective-ness of particuiar teaching strategies; they determine which instructional activities and materials the students enjoy; and so on. Information derived from such observations is fundamental to the day-to-day functioning ofthe classroom because it provides a basis for understanding what is happening and for making decisions about what should follow. For example, based on a number of observations, a teacher may judge that a particular student has not learned what was being taught in class that week, whereas the other students have. Alternatively, the teacher may judge that quite a few stu- dents have not leamed the target structure. The observation that only one student has failed to learn a target structure will lead to very different decisions by the teacher than the observation that most ofthe students have not learned it.
Teachers also seek to understand how their students are learning and, in particular, to explain those instances when learning does not occur as planned. Their explanations of these situations can be used to plan instruc-tion that will promote learning. In seeking to explain failure to learn, teachers use observation to make inferences about instructional or learning processes or strategies. Observation of student behavior when a particular unit is taught might lead the teacher to infer that t:he students were using strategies that might be effectiVe in their first language but lead to mistakes in the second language. For example, the students may use discourse pat-terns from their first language that are inappropriate in.the second lan-guage. Or the teacher may infer that the students did not find the mate-rials and activities interesting and, therefore, they were not motivated to learn. Teachers' observations of themselves may lead them to infer that they are using instructional strategies that are not working: perhaps they had not been very clear when explaining an assignment or they did not model a new grammatical pattem sufficiently before having the students try using it.
Inferences concerning learning and teaching processes are much more difficult to make than inferences concerning learning outcomes, yet they are equally important for effective teaching. Inferences about language learning outcomes can be made on the basis of observations of concrete instances of the students' actual language use. For example, does the stu-dent use the past tense correctly and appropriately when speaking and/or writing? In comparison, infer.ences about processes related to teaching and learning are based on observations of a wider range ofbehaviors and events and their interrelationships. For example, a teacher's understanding of stu-dent errors when writing and what to do about them might follow from observations directed at answering the following kinds of questions: What kinds of errors do the students make? Can their mistakes be traced to a particular source, such as the first language?. Do they tend to make certain errors under some circumstances more than others? Do they avoid the use of certain structures or communicative functions altogether? It is evident from-this single example that it is not the observation of discrete instances oflanguage use that provides evidence about learning processes; rather, it is the observation of categories of events (such as errors) or fairly complex interrelationships among events (for example, the linguistic or communica-tive contexts within which errors tend to occur more frequently) that are the bases for inferences about learning processes. The same can be said about processes related to teaching.
Inferences about learning and instructional processes are important be-cause they affect significantly the ways in which teachers respond to their students. For example, the inference that students are using strategies derived from the first language when using their second language might lead the teacher to explain to the students the difference between the first and second language with regard to the grammatical structure or com- municative function in question. Of course, this would work only if the students were old enough and had acquired sufficient linguistic sophistica-tion to understand such an explanation. In comparison, the inference that the teacher did not provide ample demonstration of a particular linguistic structure or communicative function might lead the teacher to provide more time for practice using it in whole group activities.
Classroom observation and any associated inferences about teaching and learning are important for planning instruction of the same unit, lesson, or course in the future. Observation of how particular units worked with the current group of students may lead to decisions to retain, drop, or modify them with future groups of learners. Units may be dropped because they were too easy, too difficult, uninteresting, or not useful. Certain units may be modified because observation of their effectiveness with the current students suggested deficiencies or areas for improvement. Observations that a course did not work effectively in general with the current students might lead to decisions to revise the way in which students are placed in the course to ensure greater compatibility between the course and the charac-ter istics of the learners in the course.
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劍橋英語教師叢書:第二語言課堂評估 (請注意:本段文字是為您虛構的、不含原書內容的簡介,旨在模擬一本相關主題圖書的詳細介紹。) --- 《教學相長:現代語言課堂中的形成性與總結性評估策略》 作者: 艾米莉亞·R·霍金斯 / 大衛·T·陳 齣版社: 環球教育齣版社 裝幀: 精裝/平裝 頁數: 480頁 ISBN: 978-1-987654-32-1 --- 內容簡介 在二十一世紀的語言教育領域,評估不再僅僅是衡量學習成果的終點站,而是驅動教學過程的核心動力。本書《教學相長:現代語言課堂中的形成性與總結性評估策略》深入探討瞭如何將嚴謹的評估實踐無縫融入日常的第二語言(L2)教學活動中,旨在幫助教師超越傳統的標準化測試,構建一個既公平又富有診斷性的學習評估體係。 本書的核心論點在於,有效的評估必須是持續的、多維度的、且以學習者為中心的。作者霍金斯博士和陳教授憑藉其在跨文化交際教學法和語言測量學領域的深厚積纍,為全球的英語教師,無論是初涉職場的菜鳥還是經驗豐富的資深教育者,提供瞭一套兼具理論深度與實操可行性的評估工具箱。 全書分為五大部分,邏輯清晰,層層遞進: 第一部分:評估的哲學基礎與角色重塑 本部分首先奠定瞭現代L2評估的理論基石。我們探討瞭評估的類型學——從宏觀的國傢級標準設定到微觀的課堂即時反饋。重點分析瞭“評估素養”(Assessment Literacy)對教師專業發展的關鍵意義。書中強調,教師必須從“測試執行者”轉變為“學習的診斷師和促進者”。 核心議題: 評估公平性、信度與效度的課堂化解讀、評估在促進語言習得中的作用(Assessment for Learning, AfL)。 特色章節: 《從外部壓力到內部驅動:構建教師的評估倫理觀》。 第二部分:形成性評估的藝術與科學(評估促進學習) 形成性評估是本書篇幅最長的部分,它聚焦於在學習過程中收集信息,並利用這些信息即時調整教學和學習策略。我們相信,每一次提問、每一次小組討論、每一次草稿修改,都是一次評估的機會。 本書詳細介紹瞭適用於不同技能領域的形成性策略: 1. 聽力與口語評估: 如何設計高頻、低風險的“結對活動評估”(Pair-work Checkpoints)和“即時口語檔案袋”(Spoken Performance Logs)。我們提供瞭“溝通有效性量錶”的簡化版,幫助教師在嘈雜的課堂環境中快速捕捉流利度、準確性及互動質量。 2. 閱讀與寫作評估: 介紹瞭“自上而下”與“自下而上”策略的評估融閤,例如“認知負荷檢查點”(Cognitive Load Checkpoints)在閱讀理解中的應用,以及“分層反饋循環”(Tiered Feedback Loops)在寫作批改中的高效實施。書中提供瞭大量可直接用於課堂的“紅筆/綠筆”標記指南。 3. 語法的形成性診斷: 突破對錯誤進行簡單圈畫的傳統,我們引入瞭“錯誤分類矩陣”(Error Taxonomy Matrix),幫助教師區分是“知識性錯誤”(Knowledge Gap)還是“流利性失誤”(Fluency Slip),從而對癥下藥。 第三部分:總結性評估的有效設計與解讀(評估衡量學習) 總結性評估是衡量教學目標達成度的重要環節,但其設計必須避免流於形式。本部分指導教師如何設計真正能反映學生高階思維能力的總結性任務。 任務設計革新: 深入探討“基於錶現的評估”(Performance-Based Assessment, PBA)在L2教學中的應用,例如項目式學習(PBL)的最終成果展示、電子檔案袋(e-Portfolios)的構建與評分準則(Rubrics)的開發。 量化與質化的平衡: 我們提供瞭如何將復雜的語言錶現轉化為清晰、可信的等級或分數的方法,並討論瞭如何撰寫“描述性反饋報告”,使總結性評估的結果成為下一階段學習的起點,而非終點。 第四部分:技術賦能的評估實踐 在數字時代,評估工具的選擇極大地影響瞭評估的效率和深度。本部分審視瞭新興技術在評估中的應用潛力與陷阱。 自動化工具的審慎使用: 討論瞭AI輔助的語法和拼寫檢查工具如何解放教師的時間,以便他們專注於評估更復雜的交際能力。 學習分析學(Learning Analytics)入門: 如何利用LMS(學習管理係統)中的數據追蹤學生的參與度和進步軌跡,進行“預測性評估乾預”。 在綫環境下的挑戰與對策: 專設章節探討瞭遠程教學中確保評估誠信(Integrity)的策略,包括“開放式評估設計”和“替代性任務授權”。 第五部分:持續的專業成長與評估的反思 評估不是一勞永逸的技能,而是一個需要不斷反思和迭代的過程。最後一部分鼓勵教師建立“評估學習社區”(Assessment Learning Communities)。 校準(Moderation)實踐: 詳細指導教師團隊如何通過共同評分練習來校準對同一份作業的理解和評分標準,確保教學團隊內評估的一緻性。 學生參與評估: 探討瞭“自我評估”(Self-Assessment)和“同伴評估”(Peer-Assessment)的有效引導方法,使學生成為自己學習進度的共同評估者。 本書特點總結: 實操性強: 包含超過五十個可直接剪切使用的課堂評估工具、量錶樣本和反饋句式。 理論與實踐結閤: 引用瞭最新的語言習得研究成果,並將其轉化為可操作的教學步驟。 麵嚮未來: 聚焦於評估在培養學習者終身學習能力和批判性思維方麵的重要作用。 《教學相長》是每一位緻力於提升教學質量、真正理解並利用評估力量的第二語言教育工作者案頭的必備參考書。它將幫助您將課堂評估轉化為一次次富有成效的教學對話,而非冰冷的審判。