内容简介
哈里德一书是一套典型的美国教材,在我国也有很高的知名度。原书物理原理阐述通俗易懂,图文并茂内容丰富。编者在改编时保持了原作的风格和特色,根据国内高校教学的基本特点,系统地阐述了力学、热学、光学、电磁学等基本规律和基本概念,并初步介绍了相对论原理、原子物理、半导体物理等近现代物理内容。删掉与中学物理重复的部分,使整体内容紧凑合理,并在每章末尾安排了较多的思考题和习题,使《理科类系列教材:基础物理学(第7版,改编版)》在理工科教学中更具有实用性,普适性。
《理科类系列教材:基础物理学(第7版,改编版)》可作为高等学校物理专业基础课双语教材,也可供其他理工科类专业有关教师、学生参考。
内页插图
目录
1 Measurement
1-1 What Is Physics?
1-2 Measuring Things
1-3 The International System of Units
1-4 Changing Units
1-5 Length
1-6 Time
1-7 Mass
Problems
2 Motion
2-1 What Is Physics?
2-2 Vectors and Scalars
2-3 Multiplying Vectors
2-4 Motion
2-5 Position and Displacement
2-6 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity
2-7 Acceleration
2-8 Constant Acceleration: A Special Case
2-9 Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
2-10 Projectile Motion
2-11 Projectile Motion Analyzed
2-12 Uniform Circular Motion
2-13 Relative Motion
Questions
Problems
3 Force
3-1 What Is Physics?
3-2 Newtonian Mechanics
3-3 Newton's First Law
3-4 Force
3-5 Mass
3-6 Newton's Second Law
3-7 Newton's Third Law
3-8 Applying Newton's Laws
3-9 Some Particular Forces
3-10 Friction
3-11 The Drag Force and Terminal Speed
3-12 Uniform circular Motion
Questions
Problems
4 Energy and Work
4-1 What Is Physics?
4-2 What Is Energy?
4-3 Kinetic Energy
4-4 Work
4-5 Work and Kinetic Energy
4-6 Work Done by the Force
4-7 Power
4-8 Work and Potential Energy
4-9 Path Independence of Conservative Forces
4-10 Determining Potential Energy Values
4-11 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
4-12 Work Done on a System by an External Force
4-13 Conservation of Energy
Questions
Problems
5 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum
5-1 What Is Physics?
5-2 The Center of Mass
5-3 Newton's Second Law for a System of Particles
5-4 Linear Momenttma
5-5 The Linear Momentum of a System of Particles
5-6 Collision and Impulse
5-7 Conservation of Linear Momentum
5-8 Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions
5-9 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension
5-10 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
5-11 Collisions in Two Dimensions
5-12 Systems with Varying Mass:
A Rocket
Questions
Problems
6 Rotation and Angular Momentum
6-1 What Is Physics?
6-2 Equilibrium
6-3 The Rotational Variables
6-4 Are Angular Quantities Vectors?
6-5 Relating the Linear and Angular Variables
6-6 Kinetic Energy of Rotation
6-7 Calculating the Rotational Inertia
6-8 Newton's Second Law for Rotation
6-9 Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy
6-10 Rolling as Translation and Rotation Combined
6-11 The Kinetic Energy of Rolling
6-12 The Forces of Rolling
6-13 Torque Revisited
6-14 Angular Momentum
6-15 Newton's Second Law in Angular orm
6-16 The Angular Momentum of a System of Particles
6-17 The Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body Rotating About a Fixed Axis
6-18 Precession of a Gyroscope
Questions
Problems
7 Gravitation
7-1 What Is Physics?
7-2 Newton's Law of Gravitation
7-3 Gravitation and the Principle of Superposition
7-4 Gravitation Near Earth's Surface
7-5 Gravitation Inside Earth
7-6 Gravitational Potential Energy
7-7 Planets and Satellites: Kepler's Laws
7-8 Satellites: Orbits and Energy
7-9 Einstein and Gravitation
Questions
Problems
8 Oscillations
8-1 What Is Physics?
8-2 Simple Harmonic Motion
8-3 The Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion
8-4 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
8-5 An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator
8-6 Pendulums
8-7 Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion
8-8 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
8-9 Forced Oscillations and Resonance
Questions
Problems
9 Waves
9-1 What Is Physics?
9-2 Types of Waves
9-3 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
9-4 Wavelength and Frequency
9-5 The Speed of Wave
9-6 Energy and Power of a Wave Traveling Along a String
9-7 The Wave Equation
9-8 Standing Waves
9-9 Sound Waves
9-10 Traveling Sound Waves
9-11 Interference
9-12 Intensity and Sound Level
9-13 Sources of Musical Sound
9-14 Beats
9-15 The Doppler Effect
9-16 Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves
Questions
Problems
10 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
10-1 What Is Physics?
10-2 Avogadro's Number
10-3 Ideal Gases
10-4 Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed
10-5 Translational Kinetic Energy
10-6 Mean Free Path
10-7 The Distribution of Molecular Speeds
10-8 The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas
10-9 Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats
10-10 A Hint of Quantum Theory
10-11 The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas
Questions
Problems
11 The Law of Thermodynamics
11-1 What Is Physics?
11-2 Temperature
11-3 The Zeroth Law of Themodynamics
11-4 Measuring Temperature
11-5 Thermal Expansion
11-6 The Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids
11-7 A Closer Look at Heat and Work
11-8 The First Law of Thermodynamics
11-9 Heat Transfer Mechanisms
11-10 Irreversible Processes and Entropy
11-11 Change in Entropy
11-12 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
11-13 Entropy in the Real World
11-14 A Statistical View of Entropy
Questions
Problems
12 Electricity
12-1 What Is Physics?
12-2 Electric Charge
12-3 Electric Field
12-4 A Point Charge in an Electric Field
12-5 A Dipole in an Electric Field
12-6 Electric Potential
12-7 Calculating the Potential from the Field
12-8 Electric Potential Energy
12-9 Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor
Questions
Problems
13 Gauss'Law
13-1 What Is Physics?
13-2 Flux
13-3 Flux of an Electric Field
13-4 Gauss' Law
13-5 Gauss' Law and Coulomb's Law
13-6 A Charged Isolated Conductor
13-7 Applying Gauss' Law: Cylindrical Symmetry
13-8 Applying Gauss' Law: Planar Symmetry
13-9 Applying Gauss' Law: Spherical Symmetry
Questions
Problems
14 DC Circuits
14-1 What Is Physics?
14-2 Capacitance
14-3 Capacitors in Parallel and in Series
14-4 Energy Stored in an Electric Field
14-5 Capacitor with a Dielectric
14-6 Electric Current
14-7 Resistance and Resistivity
14-8 Power in Electric Circuits
14-9 "Pumping" Charges
14-10 Calculating the Current in a Single-Loop Circuit
14-11 Multiloop Circuits
14-12 RC Circuits
Questions
Problems
15 Magnetic Fields
15-1 What Is Physics?
15-2 What Produces a Magnetic Field?
15-3 The Definition orB
15-4 Crossed Fields: Discovery of the Electron
15-5 Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect
15-6 A Circulating Charged Particle
15-7 Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons
15-8 Magnetic Force on a Current- Carrying Wire
15-9 Torque on a Current Loop
15-10 The Magnetic Dipole Moment
Questions
Problems
16 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents
16-1 What Is Physics?
16-2 Calculating the Magnetic Field Due to a Current
16-3 Force Between Two Parallel Currents
16-4 Ampere's Law
16-5 Solenoids and Toroids Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
16-6 A Current-Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole
Questions
Problems
17 Induction and Inductance
17-1 What Is Physics?
17-2 Two Experiments
17-3 Faraday's Law of Induction
17-4 Lenz's Law
17-5 Induction and Energy Transfers
17-6 Induced Electric Fields
17-7 Inductors and Inductance
17-8 Self-Induction
17-9 RL Circuits",
17-10 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
17-11 Energy Density of a Magnetic Field
17-12 Mutual Induction
Questions
Problems
18 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current
18-1 What Is Physics?
18-2 LC Oscillations, Qualitatively
18-3 The Electrical-Mechanical Analogy
18-4 LC Oscillations, Quantitatively
18-5 Damped Oscillations in an RLC Circuit
18-6 Alter'hating Current
18-7 Forced Oscillations
18-8 Three Simple Circuits
18-9 The Series RLC Circuit
18-10 Power in Alternating-Current Circuits
18-11 Transformers
Questions
Problems
19 MaxweH's Equations; Magnetism of Matter
19-1 What Is Physics?
19-2 Gauss' Law for Magnetic Fields
19-3 Induced Magnetic Fields
19-4 Displacement Current
19-5 Maxwell's Equations
19-6 Magnets
19-7 Magnetism and Electrons
19-8 Magnetic Materials
19-9 Diamagnetism
19-10 Paramagnetism
19-11 Ferromagnetism
Questions
Problems
20 Electromagnetic Waves
20-1 What Is Physics?
20-2 Maxwell's Rainbow
20-3 The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave, Qualitatively
20-4 The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave, Quantitatively
20-5 Energy Transport and the Poynting Vector
20-6 Radiation Pressure
20-7 Polarization
20-8 Reflection and Refraction
20-9 Total Internal Reflection
20-10 Polarization by Reflection
Questions
Problems
21 Optics
21-1 What Is Physics?
21-2 Images
21-3 Thin Lenses
21-4 Optical Instruments
21-5 Light as a Wave
21-6 Diffraction
21-7 Diffraction by a Circular Aperture
21-8 Diffraction by a Double Slit
21-9 Diffraction Gratings
21-10 X-Ray Diffraction
21-11 Interference
21-12 Interference from Thin Films
21-13 Michelson's Interferometer
Questions
Problems
22 Relativity
22-1 What Is Physics?
22-2 The Postulates
22-3 Measuring an Event
22-4 The Relativity of Simultaneity
22-5 The Relativity of Time
22-6 The Relativity of Length
22-7 The Lorentz Transformation
22-8 Some Consequences of the Lorentz Equations
22-9 The Relativity of Velocities
22-10 Doppler Effect for Light
22-11 A New Look at Momentum
22-12 A New Look at Energy
Questions
Problems
23 Quantum Physics
23-1 What Is Physics?
23-2 The Photon, the Quantum of Light
23-3 Electrons and Matter Waves
23-4 Schrrdinger's Equation and Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle
23-5 Energies of a Trapped Electron One-Dimensional Traps
23-6 The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen tom
23-7 Some Properties of Atoms
23-8 Angular Momenta and Magnetic Dipole Moments
23-9 The Stern-Gerlach Experiment
23-10 Magnetic Resonance
23-11 The Pauli Exclusion Principle
23-12 Building the Periodic Table
23-13 X Rays and the Ordering of the Elements
23-14 Lasers and Laser Light
Questions
Problems
24 Conduction of Electricity in Solids
24-1 What Is Physics?
24-2 The Electrical Properties of Solids
24-3 Insulators
24-4 Metals
24-5 Semiconductors
24-6 The p-n Junction
24-7 The Junction Rectifier
24-8 The Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
24-9 The Transistor
Questions
Problems
Appendices
A The International System of Units (SI)
B Some Fundamental Constants of Physics
C Some Astronomical Data
D Conversion Factors
E Mathematical Formulas
F Properties of the Elements
G Periodic Table of the Elements
Answers 显示部分信息
《基础物理学》(第7版)引言 本书作为一本全面深入的物理学入门教材,旨在为学生构建坚实的物理学知识体系,引领读者领略微观粒子到宏观宇宙的壮丽图景。它不仅仅是对经典物理学的陈述,更是一次对现代物理学前沿的初步探索,力求在概念的清晰度和数学的严谨性之间取得平衡,使读者既能理解物理现象的本质,又能掌握分析和解决物理问题的工具。 核心内容概述: 本书内容涵盖了经典力学、波动与光学、热学、电磁学以及近代物理学等核心物理学分支。 经典力学: 从最基本的运动学概念入手,逐步深入到牛顿运动定律、功与能、动量与冲量、圆周运动、振动等内容。我们将探讨各种力的性质,如引力、摩擦力、弹力等,并学习如何运用这些概念分析复杂的机械系统。对于刚体转动、角动量守恒等概念也将进行详细阐述,为理解更复杂的物理现象打下基础。 波动与光学: 本部分将深入研究波的本质,包括机械波和电磁波的传播特性。我们将学习波的叠加、干涉和衍射等重要现象,并将其应用于解释光的行为。几何光学部分将介绍反射、折射定律,透镜和镜子的成像原理,以及光学仪器的设计基础。物理光学部分则会进一步探讨光的干涉、衍射、偏振等波动性质,为理解光的本质提供更深刻的视角。 热学: 热学部分将从温度、热量和内能等基本概念出发,介绍热力学定律,包括热力学第一定律(能量守恒)和热力学第二定律(熵增原理)。我们将探讨气体定律、相变、热传导、对流和辐射等热现象,并分析各种热力学循环在实际中的应用,例如内燃机和制冷技术。 电磁学: 电磁学是本书的另一核心部分,我们将从静电学开始,学习电荷、电场、电势的概念,以及高斯定律和电势能的计算。随后,我们将转向稳恒电流,理解欧姆定律、基尔霍夫定律以及磁场的产生和相互作用,探讨磁场对运动电荷和电流的作用力。最后,本书将引入电磁感应和电磁波,揭示电场和磁场之间的深刻联系,以及电磁波的产生、传播和应用。 近代物理学: 为了跟上物理学发展的步伐,本书的最后部分将触及近代物理学的诸多重要领域。我们将简要介绍相对论的基本原理,包括狭义相对论的时空观和质量-能量关系。量子力学的部分将初步探讨原子结构、光电效应、德布罗意波等概念,以及波粒二象性这一核心思想,为理解微观世界的奇特性质奠定基础。 本书特色: 清晰的概念讲解: 本书力求用最直观、最易懂的方式解释复杂的物理概念,避免不必要的抽象和术语堆砌,让初学者也能轻松入门。 丰富的例题与习题: 每一章节都配有精心设计的例题,逐步引导读者掌握解题思路和技巧。大量的练习题涵盖了从基本概念的理解到复杂问题的分析,帮助读者巩固所学知识,提升解题能力。 图示与插图: 大量高质量的插图、图表和照片被用来形象地展示物理现象和实验装置,增强学习的趣味性和直观性。 贯穿始终的物理思想: 在各个章节中,本书始终强调物理思想的形成过程,引导读者思考物理定律的起源和意义,培养批判性思维和科学探究精神。 数学工具的应用: 虽然强调概念理解,本书也充分利用了微积分等数学工具来精确描述物理定律和解决问题。数学推导清晰,并辅以必要的解释,确保读者能够理解其应用。 与现实世界的联系: 本书在讲解物理概念时,经常引用现实生活中的例子和现代科技的应用,展示物理学在日常生活和科学技术发展中的重要作用,激发学习兴趣。 学习本书的建议: 学习物理学需要积极主动的态度。建议读者在阅读时,尝试自己动手进行一些简单的计算和推导,对课本中的插图进行仔细观察和分析,并积极完成章节后的练习题。遇到不理解的概念,不要急于跳过,可以回顾前面相关内容,或者与同学、老师进行讨论。理解物理概念是基础,熟练运用数学工具是关键,将理论知识与实际应用相结合,才能真正掌握物理学的精髓。 本书旨在成为您探索物理世界的第一本指南,希望它能点燃您对科学的好奇心,为您未来的学习和研究打下坚实的基础。