莫尔斯理论入门 [An Invitation to Morse Theory] 下载 mobi epub pdf 电子书 2025

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内容简介

As the the title suggests， the goal of this book is to give the reader a taste of the “unreasonable effectiveness” of Morse theory. The main idea behind thistechnique can be easily visualized.
Suppose M is a smooth， compact manifold， which for simplicity we as-sume is embedded in a Euclidean space E. We would like to understand basictopological invariants of M such as its homology， and we attempt a “slicing” technique.

目录

Preface
Notations and conventions
1 Morse Functions
1.1 The Local Structure of Morse Functions
1.2 Existence of Morse Functions

2 The Topology of Morse Functions
2.1 Surgery，Handle Attachment.and Cobordisms
2.2 The Topology of Sublevel Sets
2.3 Morse Inequalities
2.4 Morse-Smale Dynamics
2.5 Morse-Floer Homology
2.6 Morse-Bott Functions
2.7 Min-Max Theory

3 Applications
3.1 The Cohomology of Complex Grassmannians
3.2 Lefschetz Hyperplane Theorem
3.3 Symplectic Manifolds and Hamiltonian Flows
3.4 Morse Theory of Moment Maps
3.5 S1-Equivariant Localization

4 Basics of Comple X Morse Theory
4.1 Some Fundamental Constructions
4.2 Topological Applications of Lefschetz Pencils
4.3 The Hard Lefschetz Theorem
4.4 Vanishing Cycles and Local Monodromy
4.5 Proofofthe Picard Lefschetz formula
4.6 Global Picard-Lefschetz Formulae

5 Exercises and Solutions
5.1 Exercises
5.2 Solutions to Selected Exercises
References
Index

前言/序言

　　As the the title suggests， the goal of this book is to give the reader a taste of the “unreasonable effectiveness” of Morse theory. The main idea behind thistechnique can be easily visualized.
　　Suppose M is a smooth， compact manifold， which for simplicity we as-sume is embedded in a Euclidean space E. We would like to understand basictopological invariants of M such as its homology， and we attempt a “slicing” technique.
　　We fix a unit vector u in E and we start slicing M with the family of hyperplanes perpendicular to u. Such a hyperplane will in general intersectM along a submanifold （slice）. The manifold can be recovered by continuouslystacking the slices on top of each other in the same order as they were cut out of M.
　　Think of the collection of slices as a deck of cards of various shapes. If welet these slices continuously pile up in the order they were produced， we noticean increasing stack of slices. As this stack grows， we observe that there aremoments of time when its shape suffers a qualitative change. Morse theoryis about extracting quantifiable information by studying the evolution of theshape of this growing stack of slices.

莫尔斯理论入门 [An Invitation to Morse Theory] 下载 mobi epub pdf txt 电子书 格式

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2 微分几何的测地线

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2.1 唯一性及存在性

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在微分拓扑中，莫尔斯理论的技术给出了一个非常直接的分析一个流形的拓扑的方法，它是通过研究该流形上的可微函数达成。根据莫尔斯的基本见解，一个流形上的一个可微函数在典型的情况下，很直接的反映了该流形的拓扑。莫尔斯理论允许人们在流形上找到CW结构和柄分解，并得到关于它们的同调群的信息。在莫尔斯之前，凯莱和麦克斯韦在制图学的情况下发展了莫尔斯理论中的一些思想。莫尔斯最初将他的理论用于测地线（路径的能量函数的临界点）。这些技术被拉乌尔·博特用于他的著名的博特周期性定理的证明中。微分拓扑是一个处理在微分流形上的可微函数的数学领域。很自然地，它是在研究微分方程理论的过程中被提出来的。微分几何是用微积分来研究几何的学问。这些领域非常接近，在物理学，特别在相对论方面有许多的应用。它们合在一起还建立了可从动力系统观点直接研究的、可微流形的几何理论。 测地线又称大地线或短程线，数学上可视作直线在弯曲空间中的推广；在有度规定义存在之时，测地线可以定义为空间中两点的局域最短路径。测地线(geodesic)的名字来自对于地球尺寸与形状的大地测量学(geodesy)。

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莫尔斯理论

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过曲面上任一点，给定一个曲面的切方向，则存在唯一一条测地线切于此方向。

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2.2 局部最短性

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