编辑推荐
适读人群 :适合于会计专业的双语课教材,也适合需要使用财务报表信息的非会计专业的读者。 《会计学——数字意味着什么》第9版做了全面更新,反映了业界动态,补充了大量内容,并配套开发了一系列优秀的学习工具。全书言简意赅,条理清楚,习题丰富,读者不仅能够掌握会计学的基础知识,而且能够读到原汁原味的地道专业英语。此“双语教学版”非常适合高校本科生的双语教学课。
《会计学——数字意味着什么》第9版有两大特点:
角度独特:从会计信息使用者的角度出发,旨在帮助他们听懂“商业语言”,理解会计信息,读懂财务报表。
言简意赅:相比于百科全书式的、大部头会计学教材,本书尽量忽略数学、技术细节,更强调会计的基础知识。
内容简介
《会计学——数字意味着什么》(第9版,双语教学版)是一本让读者熟悉和理解公司和其他经济组织财务报告的会计用书。《会计学——数字意味着什么》的目的不是让读者成为编制财务报表的行家,而是让读者略过会计流程的技术细节,了解会计数字之间的关系。因此,近30年来,《会计学——数字意味着什么》英文原版一直是美国会计学入门课程用量颇大的四本书之一。
《会计学——数字意味着什么》包括财务会计和管理会计两个部分,共16章。具体章节如下:会计的今与昔;财务报表及会计概念与原则;财务报表数据的基本解释;簿记过程和会计事项分析;流动资产的会计处理和列示;不动产、厂房、设备及其他非流动资产的会计处理和列示;负债的会计处理和列示;财务报表分析;成本计划;成本控制等。
作者简介
David H. Marshall,is Professor of Accounting Emeritus at Millikin University.He taught at Millikin, a small, independent university located in Decatur, Illinois, for25 years. He taught courses in accounting, finance, computer information systems, and business policy, and was recognized as an outstanding teacher. The draft manuscript of this book was written in 1986 and used in a one-semester course that was developed for the non-business major. Subsequently supplemented with cases, it was used in the business core accounting principles and managerial accounting courses. Concurrently, a one-credit hour accounting laboratory taught potential accounting majors the mechanics of the accounting process. Prior to his teaching career, Marshall worked in public accounting and industry and he earned an MBA from Northwestern University. Professor Marshall’s interests outside academia include community service, woodturning, sailing, and travel.
Wayne W. McManus,makes his home in Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands, BWI, where he worked in the private banking sector for several years and is now a semiretired consultant. He maintains an ongoing relationship with the International College of the Cayman Islands as an adjunct Professor of Accounting and Law and as a member of the College’s Board of Trustees. McManus now offers the Cayman CPA Review course through the Financial Education Institute Ltd. and several professional development courses through the Chamber of Commerce. He earned an M.S. in accounting from Illinois State University, an MBA from the University of Kansas, a law degree from Northern IllinoisUniversity, and a master’s of law in taxation from the University of Missouri-Kansas City. He serves as a director of Endeavour Financial Corp. (EDV on the TSX exchange). He is an active member of the Cayman Islands Society of Professional Accountants and the local chapter of the CFA Institute. Professor McManus volunteers as a “professional” Santa each December, enjoys travel, golf, and scuba diving, and is an audio/video enthusiast.
Daniel F. Viele,is Professor of Accounting and currently serves as Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs at Webster University. He teaches courses in financial, managerial, and cost accounting, as well as accounting information systems. He has developed and taught numerous online graduate courses and for his leadership role in pioneering online teaching and learning, the university presented him with a Presidential Recognition Award. Professor Viele’s students and colleagues have also cited him its highest honor—the Kemper Award for Teaching Excellence. Prior to joining Webster University in 1998, he served as a systems consultant to the graphics arts University with Professor Marshall. Professor Viele holds an M.S. in Accounting from Colorado State University and has completed the Information Systems Faculty Development his dedication to teaching and innovative use of technology and in 2002 Webster awarded industry, and his previous teaching experience includes 10 years at Millikin Institute at the University of Minnesota and the Advanced Information Systems Faculty Development Institute at Indiana University. He is a member of the American Accounting Association and the Institute of Management Accountants where he has served as President of the Sangamon Valley Chapter and as a member of the National Board of Directors. Professor Viele enjoys sports of all kind, boating, and a good book.
目录
会计的今与昔
财务报表及会计概念与原则
财务报表数据的基本解释
簿记过程和会计事项分析
流动资产的会计处理和列示
不动产、厂房、设备及其他非流动资产的会计处理和列示
负债的会计处理和列示
所有者权益的会计处理和列示
利润表和现金流量表
公司治理、报表附注和其他财务信息
财务报表分析
管理会计及本—量—利之间的关系
成本会计和报告系统
成本计划
成本控制
为决策而进行的成本分析
结束篇:会计的未来
附录:英特尔公司2008年年报摘录
索引
精彩书摘
The liquidity measures of working capital, current ratio, and acid-test ratio were discussed in Chapter 3. One point that deserves reemphasis is the effect of the inven- tory cost-flow assumption on working capital. The balance sheet carrying value of inventories will depend on whether the weighted-average, FIFO, or LIFO assumption is used. In periods of rising prices, a firm using the FIFO cost-flow assumption will report a relatively higher asset value for inventories than a similar firm using the LIFO cost-flow assumption. Thus, even though the firms may be similar in all other respects, they will report different amounts of working capital, and they will have different cur- rent ratios. Therefore, a direct comparison of the liquidity of the two firms by using these measures is not possible. To ease this reporting difficulty, many firms using the LIFO method will disclose a LIFO reserve amount in the explanatory footnotes sec- tion of their annual reports. The LIFO reserve is the difference between the inventory valuation as reported under the LIFO basis and the amount that would have been reported under the FIFO basis. For example, the Eastman Kodak Company disclosed a LIFO reserve of $291 million in its 2005 annual report, which would have increased the firm’s reported inventory by 26%. Not surprisingly, Kodak switched from LIFO to the weighted-average inventory method (which for them approximates FIFO) on January 1, 2006, and thus has been able to report substantially higher inventory values on subsequent balance sheets. Of course, the differences caused by the LIFO–FIFO selection are often less dramatic for firms operating in other industries, as suggested by the LIFO reserves disclosed in 2008 by General Motors (9% of reported inventory) and General Electric (only 5%). Intel Corporation’s inventories are reported on a basis that approximates FIFO (see page 695 in the appendix).
Even more significant to suppliers or potential suppliers/creditors of the firm than the aggregate working capital or liquidity ratios is the firm’s current and recent pay- ment experience. Suppliers/creditors want to know whether or not the firm is paying its bills promptly. One indication of this is whether all cash discounts for prompt payment (e.g., for payment terms of 2/10, net 30) are being taken. Information about current and recent payment practices can be obtained by contacting other suppliers or credit bureaus and by reviewing Dun & Bradstreet reports (see Business in Practice—Credit Rating and Financial Analysis Services).
……
前言/序言
Welcome to the Ninth Edition of Accounting: What the Numbers Mean. We are confident that this text and supplemental resources will permit the achievement of understanding the basics of financial reporting by corporations and other enterprises.
Accounting has become known as the language of business. Financial statements result from the accounting process and are used by owners/investors, employees, creditors, and regulators in their planning, controlling, and decision-making activities as they evaluate the achievement of an organization’s objectives. Active study of this text will allow you to acquire command of the language and help you become an informed user of accounting information.
Accounting issues are likely to touch the majority of career paths in today’s economy. Students whose principal academic interests are not in accounting, but who are interested in other areas of business or nonbusiness areas, such as engineering, behavioral sciences, public administration and prelaw programs, will benefit from the approach used in this book. Individuals aspiring to an MBA degree or other graduate programs that focus on administration and management, who do not have an undergraduate business degree, will benefit from a course using this text.
Accounting: What the Numbers Mean takes the user through the basics: what accounting information is, how it is developed, how it is used, and what it means. Financial statements are examined to learn what they do and do not communicate, enhancing the student’s decision-making and problem-solving abilities from a user perspective. Achieving expertise in the preparation of financial statements is not an objective of this text. In short, we have designed these materials to assist those who wish to learn “what the numbers mean” without concentrating on the mechanical aspects of the accounting process.
Best wishes for successful use of the information presented here.
David H. Marshall
Wayne W. McManus
Daniel F. Viele
《财务报表分析:洞察企业绩效与价值创造》 导言:超越数字的叙事 在信息爆炸的时代,企业运营的复杂性日益加剧,对财务数据的深度理解和有效解读成为商业决策成功的基石。《财务报表分析:洞察企业绩效与价值创造》并非一本枯燥的会计理论教科书,而是一本旨在赋能读者——无论是投资者、管理者、分析师还是学生——将原始的财务数字转化为有意义的商业洞察的实战指南。本书的核心宗旨是,财务报表不仅仅是历史记录,它们是理解一家企业当前健康状况、评估其未来潜力以及判断其价值创造能力的“叙事载体”。 本书深入剖析了财务报告的结构、内容及其背后的经济逻辑,重点强调如何运用分析工具和框架,从海量数据中筛选出驱动企业长期价值的关键因素。我们相信,真正的财务分析能力,在于提炼出数字背后的战略意图和运营效率。 --- 第一部分:基础构建——理解财务报告的语言与结构 本部分为读者奠定坚实的分析基础,聚焦于理解三大核心财务报表(资产负债表、利润表、现金流量表)及其附注的内在联系和局限性。 第一章:会计信息系统的演进与框架 本章首先探讨了会计信息在现代企业治理中的角色,追溯了主要会计准则(如IFRS和US GAAP)对财务信息披露的影响。重点分析了“权责发生制”与“收付实现制”的根本区别,并阐述了如何通过会计政策的选择来理解管理层对业绩的衡量倾向。同时,我们将讨论非财务信息(如ESG指标、公司治理结构)如何与财务数据结合,共同描绘企业画像。 第二章:资产负债表的深度透视:资源配置与资本结构 资产负债表被视为企业在特定时点上的“快照”。本章将超越对资产和负债简单分类的层面,深入探讨资产的计量基础(历史成本、公允价值)及其对财务稳健性的影响。我们会详细解析流动性管理,包括营运资本的动态变化及其对短期偿债能力的影响。在负债端,本书着重分析了表内债务与表外融资工具(如租赁、担保)的识别与量化,帮助读者识别隐藏的财务风险。特别关注了商誉和无形资产的减值测试流程,这是评估高科技或品牌驱动型企业价值的关键环节。 第三章:利润表的解析:盈利质量与可持续性 利润表是衡量企业经营成果的核心工具。本书强调“盈利质量”的概念,区分了由核心业务驱动的持续性收益与由一次性事件或会计估计带来的非经常性收益。我们将详细剖析收入确认的复杂性(特别是多阶段合同和订阅模式),以及成本费用(如研发费用、折旧摊销)的资本化与费用化决策如何影响当期利润。此外,本书对“非GAAP”或“调整后”收益的审慎使用进行了批判性讨论,指导读者如何区分管理层有益的沟通与可能存在的“盈余管理”行为。 第四章:现金流量表的重构:洞察现金的真正来源与去向 现金流被公认为是比净利润更难被操纵的指标。本章的核心在于教会读者如何从“间接法”现金流量表中反推出企业的真实现金创造能力。我们将详细分析经营活动现金流(OCF)与资本支出(CapEx)之间的关系,以评估自由现金流(FCF)的可靠性。同时,本书对融资活动现金流中的股利政策、股票回购和债务重组进行了深入分析,解释了这些活动如何反映管理层对未来现金预期的信心水平。 --- 第二部分:分析方法论——从数据到决策 本部分着重于提供一套系统化的财务分析工具箱,指导读者如何运用比率分析、趋势分析和同业对标来评估企业绩效。 第五章:核心绩效比率分析:效率、盈利与偿债能力的权衡 本章系统地介绍了四大类关键比率: 1. 效率比率: 存货周转率、应收账款周转天数,并探讨了供应链管理对运营效率的影响。 2. 盈利比率: 毛利率、营业利润率、净资产收益率(ROE)的杜邦分析体系,并强调了对ROE组成部分——杠杆、利润率和资产周转率——的分解,以识别企业价值驱动因素。 3. 偿债比率: 流动比率、速动比率、利息保障倍数,以及其在不同行业背景下的适用性。 4. 市场价值比率: 市盈率(P/E)、市净率(P/B)的动态分析,并结合增长预期进行解释。 第六章:盈利质量评估与风险识别 本章是本书的亮点之一,专注于识别财务报表中的潜在“红旗”。我们将深入探讨应收账款的过度增长、存货积压、折旧政策的突变、以及收入确认的激进性对未来盈利的侵蚀。通过案例分析,读者将学习如何运用敏感性分析来测试关键会计估计(如坏账准备、资产寿命)对每股收益的影响。 第七章:企业增长的驱动力与投资回报分析(ROIC框架) 本书强调,可持续增长必须建立在高于资本成本的回报之上。本章引入了投入资本回报率(ROIC)作为衡量企业价值创造的黄金标准。我们将详细解析ROIC的分解模型,区分“价值捕获”(高利润率)和“价值创造”(高资产周转率)两种增长路径。此外,本书会探讨如何将公司的资本支出(CapEx)与ROIC变化进行关联分析,以判断管理层的再投资决策是否明智。 --- 第三部分:特定情景与估值应用 本部分将理论分析应用于实际商业场景,涵盖了特殊交易、行业对比和基础估值方法。 第八章:并购、重组与合并财务报表分析 在复杂的商业交易中,财务报表的解读面临巨大挑战。本章详细分析了并购交易中的“购买法会计”(Purchase Accounting),特别是商誉的确认与后续减值风险。对于合并报表的分析,本书侧重于如何剥离和调整集团内部交易的影响,以及如何评估协同效应的真实性。此外,我们将探讨资产剥离和业务分拆对留存业务盈利能力的影响。 第九章:行业特殊性与对比分析 不同行业的资本密集度、营运周期和风险特征迥异,要求分析师采用差异化的视角。本章将选取几个典型行业(如金融业、高科技制造业、零售业)进行深入剖析。例如,对银行而言,不良贷款拨备和净息差是关键;对科技公司,研发投入的资本化倾向和用户获取成本(CAC)是核心指标。本书提供了构建“行业标准比率组”的方法,以确保同业对比的有效性。 第十章:基础估值模型中的财务数据输入 财务分析的最终目标往往是估值。本章将介绍如何将深度分析的成果转化为估值模型的关键输入参数。我们将讨论如何利用历史财务数据预测未来的收入流、运营费用和资本支出,从而构建可靠的自由现金流折现(DCF)模型。重点阐述了如何根据盈利质量和增长可持续性,合理选择折现率(WACC)和永续增长率,确保估值结果的稳健性。 --- 结论:构建全面的商业判断 本书最终旨在培养读者批判性的思维模式。财务分析不是一个线性的计算过程,而是一个迭代的、需要不断结合宏观经济、行业趋势和管理层素质进行综合判断的艺术。通过掌握本书提供的工具和视角,读者将能够更清晰地“阅读”企业财务报表背后的真实战略意图,从而做出更明智的投资、管理或信贷决策。 --- (全书总计约1500字)