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• 逻辑学
• 批判性思维
• 推理
• 论证
• 英语学习
• 学术英语
• 思维训练
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店铺： 华研外语官方旗舰店

出版社： Random House Trade

ISBN：9780812971156

商品编码：25392899902

品牌：华研外语

开本：32开

出版时间：2005-01-01

页数：160

书名：Being Logical: A Guide to Good Thinking 简单的逻辑学
作者：D.Q. McInerny  D.Q.麦克伦尼
出版社名称：Random House Trade
出版时间：2005
语种： 英文
ISBN：9780812971156
商品尺寸：13.2 x 1 x 20.3 cm
包装：平装
页数：160

Being Logical《简单的逻辑学》是一本足以彻底改变你思维世界的小书。美国逻辑学家、哲学教授D.Q.麦克伦尼，将一门宽广、深奥的逻辑科学以贴近生活、通俗易懂、妙趣横生的语言娓娓道来。它既没有刻板的理论教条，也不是正规的教科书，而是一本必不可多得的现实指南。正如行为学家孙路弘所说：《简单的逻辑学》就如一场及时雨，一本社会疾病的宝典，的确是应该人手一册。
作者在书中告诉我们，生活中，逻辑无处不在。无论我们是有意还是无意，逻辑无时不在服务于我们的生活。然而逻辑到底是什么，也许并没有太多的人有很清楚的概念。作者以其简练而又充满趣味的笔触，将逻辑学活化为一种艺术，从它的基本原理，到论证，到非逻辑思维的根源，再到28种就发生在你身边的非逻辑思维形式，带领我们进入这个精彩无比的逻辑世界，体会妙趣横生的思维交锋，跨过无处不在的逻辑陷阱，让你沉醉其中，欲罢不能。

理由：
1. 逻辑学科普入门书，成为咨询顾问有五本必读图书之一；
2. 被香港中文大学奉为40本英文经典之一；
3. 被哈佛大学校内书店视为皇冠书籍。

名人：
“逻辑是生活中找寻并满足其愿望的实际工具，没有逻辑，我们的生活将十分沉重，以致几乎是不可能的。”——金岳霖 逻辑学家、哲学家、杰出的教育家

“我相信逻辑，比如说，有一个峡谷，所有的人都说过不去，那里是万丈深渊，但如果逻辑推论出那里应该有一座桥，我就会走过去。”——张维迎 经济学家、北京大学光华管理学院前任院长

“哲学问题经过分析都是语言问题，而语言问题归根结底就是逻辑问题。”——罗素 世界哲学家、逻辑学家，诺贝尔文学奖获得者

“当我考入阿姆斯特丹大学时，物理系和哲学系正好在一座楼里，所以我不经意地选修了一门逻辑。对我来说，这门神奇的逻辑课让我大开眼界：正是逻辑揭示了我们所做的日常事情——谈话、推理和论辩背后的精妙。所以我爱上了逻辑学，并为此转到了哲学系。”——约翰·范·本瑟姆 世界逻辑学家、荷兰阿姆斯特丹大学逻辑学教授

An essential tool for our post-truth world: a witty primer on logic—and the dangers of illogical thinking—by a renowned Notre Dame professor
Logic is synonymous with reason, judgment, sense, wisdom, and sanity.Being logical is the ability to create concise and reasoned arguments—arguments that build from given premises, using evidence, to a genuine conclusion. But mastering logical thinking also requires studying and understanding illogical thinking, both to sharpen one’s own skills and to protect against incoherent, or deliberately misleading, reasoning.
Elegant, pithy, and precise,Being Logical breaks logic down to its essentials through clear analysis, accessible examples, and focused insights. D. Q. McInerney covers the sources of illogical thinking, from naïve optimism to narrow-mindedness, before dissecting the various tactics—red herrings, diversions, and simplistic reasoning—the illogical use in place of effective reasoning.
An indispensable guide to using logic to advantage in everyday life, this is a concise, crisply readable book. Written explicitly for the layperson, McInerny’sBeing Logical promises to take its place beside Strunk and White’sThe Elements of Style as a classic of lucid, invaluable advice. 

Review
“Highly readable... D. Q. McInerny offers an introduction to symbolic logic in plain English, so you can finally be clear on what is deductive reasoning and what is inductive. And you’ll see how deductive arguments are constructed.”  — Detroit Free Press
 
“McInerny’s explanatory outline of sound thinking will be eminently beneficial to expository writers, debaters, and public speakers.”  — Booklist
 
“Given the shortage of logical thinking, and the fact that mankind is adrift, if not sinking, It is vital that all of us learn to think straight. And this small book by D.Q. McInerny is great. It follows therefore since we so badly need it, everybody should not only but it, but read it.”  — Charles Osgood

我们知道有些人平时表现得非常聪明伶俐，但是逻辑性却不是很突出。他们有逻辑思考的能力，但是这种能力显然还没有成为本能。造成这种情况的原因，可能是因为他们进行逻辑思考的能力从来没有被地培训过，这是他们所受教育中的缺陷。实际上，逻辑学是教育的真正支柱，但是在学校里它却很少被提及。生活中，逻辑无处不在。无论我们是有意还是无意，逻辑无时不在服务于我们的生活。然而逻辑到底是什么，也许并没有太多的人有很清楚的概念。对门外汉或是初学者来说，本书都有切实的帮助。这本书的目的是向读者介绍逻辑学的初步知识和基本技巧。

这是本小书。之所以说它小，一是因为本书确实不厚，与市面上长篇宏论的大部头相比，它确实很小；第二是因为阅读本书并不需要太多的知识，可读性很强。其内容并不艰难晦涩，作者尽可能采用直白的语言来解释逻辑中的基本原理、观点、产生谬误的原因、谬误的形式等等基础的逻辑问题。

逻辑，作为一个整体，是个宽广、深奥、精彩纷呈的领域，这本书既没有刻板的理论论述也不是正规的教科书，这是一本现实应用的指南，对那些初次接触逻辑的人介绍逻辑的基本原理。《简单的逻辑学》期待造就实践者，而不是理论家。

本书将逻辑分为五部分，就是书中的五个章节，每一章节以前一章节的知识为基础。章是准备，为成为一个逻辑思考者而要搭建的必要思想框架。第二三章是逻辑的核心，如何建立正确的逻辑思考。第二章阐述了引导逻辑思考的基础事实，第三章重点是“论证—逻辑思考”的外在表现形式。第四章，探讨导致非逻辑思考的态度及思维模式。后一章，第五章围绕“谬误—非逻辑思考”的细节展开。

Whether regarded as a science, an art, or a skill–and it can properly be regarded as all three–logic is the basis of our ability to think, analyze, argue, and communicate. Indeed, logic goes to the very core of what we mean by human intelligence. In this concise, crisply readable book, distinguished professor D. Q. McInerny offers an indispensable guide to using logic to advantage in everyday life. Written explicitly for the layperson, McInerny’sBeing Logical promises to take its place beside Strunk and White’s The Elements of Style as a classic of lucid, invaluable advice.
As McInerny notes, logic is a deep, wide, and wonderfully varied field, with a bearing on every aspect of our intellectual life. A mastery of logic begins with an understanding of right reasoning–and encompasses a grasp of the close kinship between logical thought and logical expression, a knowledge of the basic terms of argument, and a familiarity with the pitfalls of illogical thinking. Accordingly, McInerny structures his book in a series of brief, penetrating chapters that build on one another to form a unified and coherent introduction to clear and effective reasoning.
At the heart of the book is a brilliant consideration of argument–how an argument is founded and elaborated, how it differs from other forms of intellectual discourse, and how it critically embodies the elements of logic. McInerny teases out the subtleties and complexities of premises and conclusions, differentiates statements of fact from statements of value, and discusses the principles and uses of every major type of argument, from the syllogistic to the conditional. In addition, he provides an incisive look at illogical thinking and explains how to recognize and avoid the most common errors of logic.

D.Q.麦克伦尼，美国知名逻辑学家、哲学教授，从事教学多年，曾先后任教于圣母大学和肯塔基大学。现居住于内布拉斯加州林肯市。
D. Q. McInerny has taught logic to college students for decades at Notre Dame, the University of Kentucky, and Our Lady of Guadalupe Seminary in Lincoln, Nebraska. A scholar of Thomas Merton and the recipient of two PhDs, Professor McInerny lives in Lincoln, Nebraska.

PartOne
Preparing the Mind for Logic
Being logical presupposes our having a sensitivity to language and a knack for its effective use, for logic and language are inseparable. It also presupposes our having a healthy respect for the firm factualness of the world in which we live, for logic is about reality. Finally, being logical presupposes a lively awareness of how the facts that are our ideas relate to the facts that are the objects in the world, for logic is about truth. In this first part of the book I will discuss those attitudes, points of view, and practical procedures whose adoption prepares the mind for a successful engagement with logic.
1. Be Attentive
Many mistakes in reasoning are explained by the fact that we are not paying sufficient attention to the situation in which we find ourselves. This is especially true in familiar situations. That very familiarity causes us to make careless judgments about facts right before our eyes. We misread a situation because we are skimming it, when what we should be doing is perusing it. Often, we assume that a familiar situation will be but a repeat performance of a similar situation we’ve experienced before. But, in the strictest sense, there are no repeat performances. Every situation is unique, and we must be alert to its uniqueness.
The phrase “to pay attention” is telling. It reminds us that attention costs something. Attention demands an active, energetic response to every situation, to the persons, places, and things that make up the situation. It is impossible to be truly attentive and passive at the same time. Don’t just look, see. Don’t just hear, listen. Train yourself to focus on details. The little things are not to be ignored, for it is just the little things that lead us to the big things.
2. Get the Facts Straight
A fact is something made or done. It has clear objective status. It is something we respond to as having an independent status all its own. It is naggingly persistent, demands recognition, and can be nasty if ignored.
There are two basic types of objective facts, things and events. A “thing” is an actually existing entity, animal, vegetable, or mineral. The White House is an example of the first type of fact, and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln of the second. The first type is more basic than the second because events are made up of things or of the actions of things. A state dinner is to be held at the White House. Such an event could not take place were it not for the existence, first and foremost, of the fact that is the White House, and countless other facts as well. In order to establish the factualness of an event, any number of concrete things need to be appealed to.
To determine the reality of a fact that is a thing, all you need do is pay it a visit. If it actually exists it must be somewhere, and, assuming its place to be accessible to you, you can verify its factualness by direct observation. Take the case of the White House. To ascertain its being a fact, rather than purely imaginary, you can travel to Washington, D.C., and there see the White House with your own eyes. That is the most direct and reliable way to establish its factualness. But you could also rely on indirect evidence: For example, by taking the word of a trustworthy eyewitness that the White House is indeed in Washington, D.C. Or you could decide that photographic evidence is sufficient to establish factualness.
But what about an event like Lincoln’s assassination? We say that is a fact. What is the justification for that claim? It is an event that is over and done with, and there are no living witnesses to the event whom we might consult. Obviously, we did not ourselves witness the event, so direct evidence is out of the question. In this case our approach will be to acquaint ourselves with a variety of things that serve as indirect evidence of the event. For example, we would consult official documents (police reports, the death certificate, etc.), newspaper accounts, photographs, memoirs, diaries, and items in the Congressional Record, all of which are facts in their own right and whose only reasonable explanation is the factualness of Lincoln’s assassination. On the basis of the factualness of these things, we establish the factualness of the event. And we thus establish a historical fact.
Facts can also be thought of as objective or subjective. Both things and events are objective facts. They exist in the public domain and are in principle accessible to all. A subjective fact is one that is limited to the subject experiencing it. A headache would be an example of a subjective fact. If I am the one experiencing the headache, then I have direct evidence of its factualness. But if it is you experiencing the headache, I can establish its factualness only indirectly. I must take your word that you have a headache. Establishing the reality of subjective facts depends entirely on the trustworthiness of those who claim to be experiencing them.

逻辑的艺术：深度解析推理、论证与批判性思维 图书简介 在这个信息爆炸的时代，我们每天都被海量的数据、观点和论断所包围。如何辨别真伪，如何构建坚不可摧的论证，如何清晰而有力地表达自己的思想？《逻辑的艺术》正是为你准备的一把精密的思维之钥。本书并非仅仅是对亚里士多德式古典逻辑的枯燥复述，而是一部深刻、实用且极具洞察力的现代思维指南，它将引导读者穿越错综复杂的论证迷宫，抵达清晰、准确和有效的推理核心。 第一部分：逻辑的基石——概念、判断与推理的本质 本书的开篇，将引导读者回归逻辑学的最基本单元：概念。我们如何定义事物？模糊性（Ambiguity）和歧义性（Equivocation）如何在不知不觉中腐蚀我们的论证？我们将详细探讨清晰界定的重要性，并介绍多种界定概念的方法，从属性界定到功能界定。 随后，我们将深入探究“判断”（Propositions）的结构。一个陈述句是如何承载意义的？真值（Truth Value）的判定标准是什么？本书会细致剖析直言命题的四种基本形式（A、E、I、O），并引入现代逻辑中对命题的严格要求，确保读者能够准确捕捉和表达思想的核心内容。 本书的基石在于推理（Inference）。我们将区分演绎推理（Deductive Reasoning）和归纳推理（Inductive Reasoning）的核心差异。演绎推理追求必然性，其结论如果前提为真，则结论必然为真；而归纳推理则追求或然性，它基于观察和经验，旨在建立最有可能的结论。我们会用大量的实例来阐释这两种思维方式在科学研究、日常决策和法律实践中的具体应用。例如，如何从特定案例中提炼出具有普遍指导意义的原则，以及如何评估归纳论证的强度。 第二部分：演绎推理的结构与谬误的陷阱 演绎逻辑是本书的重中之重。我们将详细展开经典的三段论（Syllogism）的完整体系。从标准的格（Figure）和式（Mood）分析，到对有效三段论的检验规则，读者将掌握如何系统地分析任何一个涉及三个命题的演绎结构。我们会展示如何通过文氏图（Venn Diagrams）进行直观的验证，以及如何使用更抽象的逻辑符号来精确描绘推理过程。 然而，逻辑的价值不仅在于构建正确的推理，更在于识别和拆解错误的推理。本书将用大量篇幅剖析常见的演绎谬误（Formal Fallacies）。这些谬误通常源于推理结构的缺陷，例如“肯定后件”（Affirming the Consequent）和“否定前件”（Denying the Antecedent）。我们不会停留在罗列名称，而是深入剖析这些结构性错误为何必然导致结论不可靠，从而训练读者在面对复杂论证时，能迅速定位其结构性漏洞。 第三部分：归纳推理的强度与批判性评估 与演绎的确定性不同，归纳推理更加贴近我们处理不确定世界的现实。本书将重点探讨几种关键的归纳形式：类比推理、统计归纳和因果推断。 在类比推理中，我们如何判断两个事物之间的相似性是否足以支持某个结论？本书将提供一套评估类比论证强度的标准，避免“弱类比”的陷阱。 统计归纳部分，我们将探讨抽样的代表性问题。如何确保我们的样本能够准确反映总体情况？本书将简要引入概率思维的基础，帮助读者理解统计数据背后蕴含的风险与机遇。 更具挑战性的是因果关系（Causation）的分析。仅仅因为两件事同时发生（相关性 Correlation），并不意味着它们之间存在因果关系（Causation）。我们将详尽介绍约翰·斯图尔特·密尔（John Stuart Mill）的著名的求同法和求异法，这些工具是科学实验和日常调查中用于分离真正原因的关键方法。同时，我们也会辨析多种常见的因果谬误，如“虚假原因”（False Cause）和“共同原因遗漏”（Oversight of a Common Cause）。 第四部分：非形式逻辑与日常论证的艺术 许多生活中最引人入胜的争论并非严格遵循三段论的框架。本书的后半部分聚焦于非形式逻辑（Informal Logic）——即对日常语言论证的批判性评估。 我们将系统梳理并深入剖析最常见的语境谬误（Informal Fallacies）。这些谬误往往具有强大的说服力，因为它们诉诸情感、权威或人群心理，而不是逻辑本身。例如，“诉诸情感”（Appeal to Emotion）、“稻草人谬误”（Straw Man）、“人身攻击”（Ad Hominem）和“滑坡谬误”（Slippery Slope）。对于每一种谬误，本书都提供了多角度的解析，展示它们在政治辩论、广告宣传和社交媒体讨论中的具体表现形式，并指导读者如何设计出精准的回击。 此外，批判性思维不仅仅是“挑错”，它更是一种积极的思维实践。本书将讨论论证的要素——前提（Premises）、推理过程（Reasoning）和结论（Conclusion）——如何有机地结合成一个有说服力的整体。我们将探讨论证的清晰度、连贯性、可靠性和充分性这四大标准，并提供一套实用的清单，用于评估任何一篇论文、一篇演讲或一个商业提案的质量。 结语：成为一个更清晰的思考者 《逻辑的艺术》旨在将逻辑学从学院的象牙塔中解放出来，融入到读者的日常决策和交流之中。通过掌握这些古老而永恒的思维工具，你将能够以更少的误解、更少的偏见和更高的效率来理解世界，无论是面对复杂的科学理论，还是日常生活中充满烟雾弹的争论。学习逻辑，就是学习如何有条不紊地思考，最终获得思想的自由和力量。

评分☆☆☆☆☆

这本书的行文风格，简直是教科书级别的清晰有力，没有丝毫的拖泥带水或故作高深。作者似乎深谙如何将那些晦涩难懂的逻辑概念，用最平白易懂的语言娓娓道来。读起来，感觉就像是有一位耐心且学识渊博的导师，坐在你身边，用最贴近日常生活的例子，一步步剖析思维的结构。那些复杂的术语和论证模型，在作者的笔下，仿佛都变得触手可及，没有那种高高在上的距离感。我发现自己阅读的速度在不知不觉中加快了，因为每一个段落的结束，都会自然而然地引向下一个思考的节点，形成一种非常流畅的阅读体验。这种行文的节奏感把握得极佳，它既保证了学术的严谨性，又兼顾了普通读者的接受度，实在难得。对于想要真正掌握逻辑思维，而不是仅仅背诵定义的人来说，这种表达方式无疑是最佳的敲门砖。

评分☆☆☆☆☆

坦白说，这本书的价值，在于它提供的思维框架是具有高度迁移性的。它教的不仅仅是逻辑学，更是一种看待世界、分析问题的底层操作系统。我尝试将书中学到的关于假设、前提和结论分离的方法，应用到我最近正在处理的一个复杂的项目规划中，效果立竿见影。原本杂乱无章的思绪，在用逻辑的工具进行切割和重组后，变得条理清晰，关键的瓶颈点也一下子暴露出来。这让我深刻体会到，逻辑思维的强大，并非只存在于抽象的课堂讨论中，而是最直接、最务实的工具箱。这本书让人从“感觉”的泥沼中抽身而出，转向用“证据”和“结构”来构建自己的认知大厦。如果说人生是一场不断做决定的旅程，那么这本书就是一幅精确的导航图，指引我避开思维的暗礁。

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最让我惊喜的是书中对逻辑谬误的阐述部分，那种细致入微的解剖和举例，简直让人醍醐灌顶。我过去常在辩论或日常交流中遇到的那些说不清道不明的困惑，似乎都在这里找到了明确的指代和归类。作者没有简单地罗列“是什么”，而是深入挖掘了“为什么会发生这种错误”，以及“如何才能避免”。这种对思维误区的深度挖掘，远超出了我预期的“入门指南”的范畴，更像是一份实用的“思维防火墙”手册。我甚至开始在日常和同事的邮件往来中，下意识地扫描那些潜藏的逻辑漏洞，这已经不再是被动的学习，而是主动应用到生活中的过程了。每一次成功识别出一个常见的逻辑陷阱，都会带来一种小小的、掌握了世界的确定性的满足感。这部分内容，绝对是全书的精华所在，其价值远超书本标价。

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这本书的装帧设计实在让人眼前一亮，那种朴实中透着一股沉稳的气质，拿在手里就感觉不是那种哗众取宠的畅销书。封面设计简约却不失深度，字体选择也很有品味，让人不禁想立刻翻开看看里面究竟蕴含了多少真知灼见。我尤其欣赏它纸张的质感，触感温润细腻，即便是长时间阅读也不会感到疲劳。装订工艺也十分扎实，看得出是经过精心打磨的成品，完全配得上它所承载的知识分量。这种对细节的关注，往往预示着内容本身的严谨和考究。拿到书的那一刻，我就确信这是一次值得的投资，它不仅仅是一本书，更像是一件值得收藏的艺术品，摆在书架上都能提升整个空间的格调。封面上的那行小字，设计得恰到好处，既点明了主题，又留足了想象空间，让人在阅读前就对逻辑世界的探索充满了敬畏与期待。

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本书的结构布局，体现出一种非常成熟的编排智慧。它不是那种一上来就抛出全部理论的莽撞，而是采用了层层递进、螺旋上升的构建方式。前几章像是在搭建地基，奠定最核心的术语和概念，为后续的复杂推导做好充分准备。而中间部分则如同架设框架，开始系统地讲解不同类型的论证有效性。我特别欣赏它在章节过渡时的设计，总能巧妙地通过一个小小的总结或一个引人深思的问题，将读者的注意力平滑地引导到下一个主题上去，避免了阅读中的生硬停顿感。这种精心的设计，让读者在不知不觉中，就完成了从基础认知到高阶分析的跨越，学习曲线被设计得异常平缓而高效。读完一个部分，总有种“原来如此，原来逻辑可以这样组织”的豁然开朗感，非常顺畅。