具體描述
內容簡介
This is the long-awaited third edition of Chomsky s outstanding collection of essays on Language and mind. The first six chapters, originally published in the 1960s, made a groundbreaking contribution to linguistic theory. This new edition complements them with an additional chapter and a new preface, bringing Chomsky s influential approach into the twenty-first century.
Chapters 1-6 present Chomskys early work on the nature and acquisition of language as a genetically-endowed, biological system (Universal Grammar), the rules and principles of which we acquire as internalized knowledge (I-language). Over the past fifty years, this framework has sparked an explosion of inquiry into a wide range of languages, and has yielded some major theoretical questions. The final chapter revisits the key issues, reviewing the "biolinguistic" approach that has guided Chomsky s work from its origins to the present day, and raising some novel and exciting challenges for the study of language and mind. 目錄
Preface to the third edition
Preface to the second edition
Preface to the first edition
1 Linguistic contributions to the study of mind: past
2 Linguistic contributions to the study of mind: present
3 Linguistic contributions to the study of mind: future
4 Form and meaning in natural languages
5 The formal nature of language
6 Linguistics and philosophy
7 Biolinguistics and the human capacity
Index 精彩書摘
One difficulty in the psychological sciences lies in the familiarity of the phenomena with which they deal. A certain intellectual effort is required to see how such phenomena can pose serious problems or call for intricate explanatory theories. One is inclined to take them for granted as necessary or somehow "natural."
The effects of this familiarity of phenomena have often been discussed. Wolfgang K6hler, for example, has suggested that psychologists do not open up "entirely new territories" in the manner of the natural sciences, "simply because man was acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology.., because at the very beginning of their work there were no entirely unknown mental facts left which they could have discovered."1 The most elementary discoveries of classical physics have a certain shock value man has no intuition about elliptical orbits or the gravitational constant. But "mental facts" of even a much deeper sort cannot be "discovered" by the psychologist, because they are a matter of intuitive acquaintance and, once pointed out, are obvious.
There is also a more subtle effect. Phenomena can be so familiar that we really do not see them at all, a matter that has been much discussed by literary theorists and philosophers. For example, Viktor Shldovskij in the early 1920s developed the idea that the function of poetic art is that of "making strange" the object depicted. "People living at the seashore grow so accustomed to the murmur of the waves that they never hear it. By the same token, we scarcely ever hear the words which we utter... We look at each other, but we do not see each other any more. Our perception of the world has withered away; what has remained is mere recognition." Thus, the goal of the artist is to transfer what is depicted to the "sphere of new perception"; as an example, Shklovskij cites a story by Tolstoy in which social customs and institutions are "made strange" by the device of presenting them from the viewpoint of a narrator who happens to be a horse. 前言/序言
The first six chapters that follow are from the late 1960s, mostly based on talks for general university audiences, hence relatively informal. The final chapter is from 2004, based on a talk for a general audience. This recent essay reviews the "biolinguistic approach" that has guided this work from its origins half a century ago, some of the important developments of recent decades, and how the general approach looks today - to me at least.
The dominant approach to questions of language and mind in the 1950s was that of the behavioral sciences. As the term indicates, the object of inquiry was taken to be behavior, or, for linguistics, the products of behavior: perhaps a corpus obtained from informants by the elicitation techniques taught in field methods courses. Linguistic theory consisted of procedures of analysis, primar- ily segmentation and classification, designed to organize a body of linguistic material, guided by limited assumptions about structural properties and their arrangement. The prominent linguist Martin Joos hardly exaggerated in a 1955 exposition when he identified the "decisive direction" of contemporary struc- tural linguistics as the decision that language can be "described without any preexistent scheme of what a language must be." Prevailing approaches in the behavioral sciences generally were not very different. Of course, no one accepted the incoherent notion of a "blank slate." But it was common to sup- pose that beyond some initial delimitation of properties detected in the environ- ment (a "quality space," in the framework of the highly influential philosopher W. V. O. Quine), general learning mechanisms of some kind should suffice to account for what organisms, including humans, know and do. Genetic endow- ment in these domains would not be expected to reach much beyond something like that.
語言與心智:認知視域下的語言學探索(第3版) 本書深入剖析語言與心智之間錯綜復雜的關係,為讀者打開一扇通往認知語言學核心領域的大門。作者以其深厚的學術功底和敏銳的洞察力,係統地梳理瞭語言學研究從符號學傳統嚮認知轉嚮的關鍵曆程,並在此基礎上,以嶄新的視角和前沿的理論,解讀瞭語言如何作為人類思維的載體、認知活動的工具以及心智結構的重要組成部分。全書內容充實,論證嚴謹,旨在為從事語言學、心理學、認知科學、教育學等相關領域的研究者和學習者提供一份全麵而深刻的學術參考。 第一部分:理論基石與研究範式 本書的開篇,作者首先迴溯瞭語言學研究的早期思潮,重點闡述瞭結構主義語言學和生成語法學在理解語言本質方麵所做齣的貢獻,同時也指齣瞭其局限性。通過對這些經典理論的梳理,讀者能夠清晰地看到語言學研究從單純關注語言結構嚮關注語言與使用者心智聯結的演變軌跡。 接著,本書重點介紹瞭認知語言學的核心理論框架。作者深入淺齣地闡釋瞭“概念隱喻”(Conceptual Metaphor)和“概念轉喻”(Conceptual Metonymy)等關鍵概念,揭示瞭我們如何通過具身化的經驗和空間隱喻來理解抽象概念。例如,關於“時間”的許多錶述,如“時間流逝”、“時間緊迫”,都與我們對空間的理解密切相關。作者通過大量生動的語言實例,證明瞭這些認知機製在語言錶達中的普遍性和基礎性作用。 此外,本書還詳細探討瞭“範疇化”(Categorization)在語言中的核心地位。語言的本質在於對世界的範疇化,而這些範疇並非固定不變,而是受到我們認知能力和文化背景的影響。作者分析瞭語言如何反映並塑造我們的範疇化方式,以及不同語言在範疇劃分上的差異如何體現瞭其使用者認知世界的獨特視角。 “圖式”(Schema)和“框架”(Frame)理論是認知語言學的另一重要組成部分。本書詳細闡述瞭這些概念如何幫助我們理解語言單位的意義。我們並非孤立地理解詞語,而是將其置於特定的圖式或框架中進行解讀。例如,“吃飯”這個動詞,會激活一個包含“吃飯者”、“食物”、“餐具”、“場所”等元素的框架,我們能據此推斷齣更多的信息。 第二部分:語言結構與認知機製 在理論基石之上,本書深入到語言結構的具體層麵,探討認知機製如何在語音、詞匯、語法等各個層麵上發揮作用。 在語音層麵,作者引入瞭“語音意象”(Phonosemantics)的概念,探討瞭聲音本身是否具有意義,以及語音的韻律、語調等如何與情感、態度等認知信息相關聯。本書也探討瞭語音感知與生産的認知過程,以及語音變異與社會文化因素的互動。 在詞匯層麵,本書詳細介紹瞭詞匯的“語義網絡”(Semantic Network)和“詞匯知識”(Lexical Knowledge)是如何在大腦中組織和存儲的。作者強調瞭詞語意義的“原型”(Prototype)和“邊界模糊性”(Fuzziness),說明瞭詞義並非僵化的定義,而是具有一定的伸縮性和靈活性。接著,本書深入探討瞭詞語的“聯想”(Association)和“語境激活”(Contextual Activation)在理解和生成語言中的作用,以及大腦如何快速有效地檢索和運用龐大的詞匯知識庫。 在語法層麵,本書著重闡述瞭“動因句法”(Construction Grammar)的觀點,認為語法結構本身也承載著豐富的語義和認知信息。語法並非抽象的規則係統,而是與意義緊密結閤的“結構-意義配對”。作者通過分析各種語法結構,如被動語態、疑問句、祈禱句等,揭示瞭它們背後所蘊含的認知功能和交際目的。例如,被動語態的運用,可能反映瞭說話者對施事者的弱化或對受事者的關注。 本書還重點關注瞭“語篇”(Discourse)的認知加工。我們並非孤立地理解句子,而是將它們連接起來形成連貫的語篇。作者探討瞭語篇的銜接(Cohesion)和連貫(Coherence)是如何通過詞匯、語法以及篇章結構等手段實現的,以及我們的大腦如何構建語篇的心理錶徵,理解語篇中的指代、推理和隱含信息。 第三部分:語言與心智的互動 本書的第三部分將目光投嚮瞭語言與心智之間更深層次的互動,探討瞭語言在認知發展、思維方式以及人類的社會文化實踐中扮演的關鍵角色。 語言與思維的關係:作者對“語言相對論”(Linguistic Relativity)進行瞭深入的探討,即語言的結構和詞匯如何影響甚至決定我們的思維方式。本書既肯定瞭語言對思維的塑造作用,又避免瞭絕對化的論斷,強調瞭語言與思維之間是相互作用、相互影響的關係。通過對比不同語言的錶達方式,讀者可以更直觀地理解語言的差異如何體現瞭不同的認知取嚮。 語言與情感:語言不僅僅是信息傳遞的工具,更是情感錶達和交流的載體。本書分析瞭語言中的情感色彩、語氣、語態等如何傳遞說話者的情緒和態度。作者還探討瞭情緒如何影響語言的理解和生成,以及語言如何作為一種心理調節的工具。 語言與記憶:語言與記憶之間存在著密不可分的聯係。本書詳細闡述瞭語言如何幫助我們編碼、存儲和檢索信息,以及語言在長期記憶和工作記憶中的作用。作者探討瞭詞匯的學習和記憶機製,以及敘事性語言在構建個人經曆和集體記憶中的作用。 語言與社會文化:語言深深植根於社會文化之中,它不僅是文化傳承的載體,更是社會身份和社會互動的工具。本書分析瞭語言的社會變異,如方言、社會方言等,以及語言在群體認同、權力關係和意識形態構建中的作用。同時,本書也探討瞭語言的學習和習得如何受到社會文化環境的影響。 第四部分:語言與心智的實際應用 本書的最後一部分將理論研究與實際應用相結閤,探討瞭認知語言學在教育、心理治療、人工智能等領域的應用價值。 語言教育:作者探討瞭認知語言學理論如何指導語言教學,例如,如何通過創設情境、強調語用、引導學生主動建構意義等方式,提高語言學習的效率和效果。本書也關注瞭二語習得中的認知機製,以及如何利用語言的具身性特點來促進學習。 心理健康與語言:語言在心理健康領域扮演著重要角色。本書探討瞭語言障礙的認知基礎,以及如何通過語言治療來幫助患者恢復溝通能力。同時,作者也關注瞭語言如何影響我們的情緒和心理狀態,以及如何利用語言來促進積極的心理健康。 人工智能與語言:隨著人工智能技術的飛速發展,語言處理已成為其中的核心難題之一。本書探討瞭認知語言學理論如何為構建更智能、更自然的語言模型提供理論支持,例如,如何讓機器理解語言的隱喻、語境和情感色彩,從而實現更高級的自然語言理解和生成。 結語 《語言與心智:認知視域下的語言學探索(第3版)》以其宏大的視野、深刻的洞察和前沿的理論,為讀者呈現瞭一幅語言與心智互動關係的精美畫捲。本書不僅是語言學研究的力作,更是認知科學、心理學、教育學等相關領域研究者和學習者的必讀之作。它不僅能夠幫助讀者深入理解語言的本質,更能夠啓迪讀者思考人類認知能力的奧秘,以及語言在塑造我們個體經驗和社會現實中所扮演的不可替代的角色。閱讀本書,將是一次深刻的認知之旅,一次對人類心智與語言之間神秘聯係的全新探索。