國外語言學與應用語言學人大版影印文庫：語言與心智（第3版） 下載 mobi epub pdf 電子書 2024

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內容簡介

　　This is the long-awaited third edition of Chomsky s outstanding collection of essays on Language and mind. The first six chapters, originally published in the 1960s, made a groundbreaking contribution to linguistic theory. This new edition complements them with an additional chapter and a new preface, bringing Chomsky s influential approach into the twenty-first century.
　　Chapters 1-6 present Chomskys early work on the nature and acquisition of language as a genetically-endowed, biological system （Universal Grammar）, the rules and principles of which we acquire as internalized knowledge （I-language）. Over the past fifty years, this framework has sparked an explosion of inquiry into a wide range of languages, and has yielded some major theoretical questions. The final chapter revisits the key issues, reviewing the "biolinguistic" approach that has guided Chomsky s work from its origins to the present day, and raising some novel and exciting challenges for the study of language and mind.

目錄

Preface to the third edition
Preface to the second edition
Preface to the first edition
1 Linguistic contributions to the study of mind: past
2 Linguistic contributions to the study of mind: present
3 Linguistic contributions to the study of mind: future
4 Form and meaning in natural languages
5 The formal nature of language
6 Linguistics and philosophy
7 Biolinguistics and the human capacity
Index

精彩書摘

　　One difficulty in the psychological sciences lies in the familiarity of the phenomena with which they deal. A certain intellectual effort is required to see how such phenomena can pose serious problems or call for intricate explanatory theories. One is inclined to take them for granted as necessary or somehow "natural."
　　The effects of this familiarity of phenomena have often been discussed. Wolfgang K6hler, for example, has suggested that psychologists do not open up "entirely new territories" in the manner of the natural sciences, "simply because man was acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology.., because at the very beginning of their work there were no entirely unknown mental facts left which they could have discovered."1 The most elementary discoveries of classical physics have a certain shock value man has no intuition about elliptical orbits or the gravitational constant. But "mental facts" of even a much deeper sort cannot be "discovered" by the psychologist, because they are a matter of intuitive acquaintance and, once pointed out, are obvious.
　　There is also a more subtle effect. Phenomena can be so familiar that we really do not see them at all, a matter that has been much discussed by literary theorists and philosophers. For example, Viktor Shldovskij in the early 1920s developed the idea that the function of poetic art is that of "making strange" the object depicted. "People living at the seashore grow so accustomed to the murmur of the waves that they never hear it. By the same token, we scarcely ever hear the words which we utter... We look at each other, but we do not see each other any more. Our perception of the world has withered away; what has remained is mere recognition." Thus, the goal of the artist is to transfer what is depicted to the "sphere of new perception"; as an example, Shklovskij cites a story by Tolstoy in which social customs and institutions are "made strange" by the device of presenting them from the viewpoint of a narrator who happens to be a horse.

前言/序言

　　The first six chapters that follow are from the late 1960s, mostly based on talks for general university audiences, hence relatively informal. The final chapter is from 2004, based on a talk for a general audience. This recent essay reviews the "biolinguistic approach" that has guided this work from its origins half a century ago, some of the important developments of recent decades, and how the general approach looks today - to me at least.
　　The dominant approach to questions of language and mind in the 1950s was that of the behavioral sciences. As the term indicates, the object of inquiry was taken to be behavior, or, for linguistics, the products of behavior: perhaps a corpus obtained from informants by the elicitation techniques taught in field methods courses. Linguistic theory consisted of procedures of analysis, primar- ily segmentation and classification, designed to organize a body of linguistic material, guided by limited assumptions about structural properties and their arrangement. The prominent linguist Martin Joos hardly exaggerated in a 1955 exposition when he identified the "decisive direction" of contemporary struc- tural linguistics as the decision that language can be "described without any preexistent scheme of what a language must be." Prevailing approaches in the behavioral sciences generally were not very different. Of course, no one accepted the incoherent notion of a "blank slate." But it was common to sup- pose that beyond some initial delimitation of properties detected in the environ- ment （a "quality space," in the framework of the highly influential philosopher W. V. O. Quine）, general learning mechanisms of some kind should suffice to account for what organisms, including humans, know and do. Genetic endow- ment in these domains would not be expected to reach much beyond something like that.

國外語言學與應用語言學人大版影印文庫：語言與心智（第3版） 下載 mobi epub pdf txt 電子書 格式

評分☆☆☆☆☆

普通人的追求通常會被簡化為對物質財富的占有。影片情節簡單，人物單純，背景也並不復雜。青年農民工小貴，城市貧民子弟小堅，分彆串起影片敘事主綫，一輛單車，兩個人物，同一個故事。

評分☆☆☆☆☆

再看，故事中的女人都是故事。恪守公司規定看似惡感卻難以遮掩善良的澡堂前颱，憧憬愛情的瀟瀟，懂事認真的小堅妹妹，還有那沒一句颱詞、愛打扮的女保姆。試問，生活中的女人不就是上述幾位的綜閤體嗎？可是，故事中的女性卻以平麵化的形象齣現，這不得不讓我們做齣思考。

評分☆☆☆☆☆

進城務工的小貴有著農民的樸實與執拗，為瞭生存，拼命工作;為瞭延續對城市美好生活的憧憬和實現此目的的希望，他不顧一切地死死找尋被盜的單車。小堅，作為現代城市貧民的他，錶現的是一種既想追求與生活環境相配的生活質量，但又囿於自身經濟水平的無奈的尷尬。本該在這一年紀享受青春的兩個人，又因各自的身份不得不承受起這生命的沉重。

評分☆☆☆☆☆

故事中的單車，其寓意不言自明。進城闖蕩事業的小貴，單車對他來說是吃飯的傢夥，正如片中快遞公司的老闆把員工比作“新時代的祥子”一樣，單車之於小貴，那是一切希望的象徵。對於小堅，單車也是尋夢的方式和途徑。為瞭和同齡夥伴一起玩車，他不惜手段獲得單車，因為沒有車，他可能會失去友誼甚至愛情。單車的丟失讓小堅心煩意亂，女友瀟瀟的離去，看似是個因果，但其實這背後有著更深刻的原因。

評分☆☆☆☆☆

再看，故事中的女人都是故事。恪守公司規定看似惡感卻難以遮掩善良的澡堂前颱，憧憬愛情的瀟瀟，懂事認真的小堅妹妹，還有那沒一句颱詞、愛打扮的女保姆。試問，生活中的女人不就是上述幾位的綜閤體嗎？可是，故事中的女性卻以平麵化的形象齣現，這不得不讓我們做齣思考。

評分☆☆☆☆☆

再看，故事中的女人都是故事。恪守公司規定看似惡感卻難以遮掩善良的澡堂前颱，憧憬愛情的瀟瀟，懂事認真的小堅妹妹，還有那沒一句颱詞、愛打扮的女保姆。試問，生活中的女人不就是上述幾位的綜閤體嗎？可是，故事中的女性卻以平麵化的形象齣現，這不得不讓我們做齣思考。

評分☆☆☆☆☆

故事中被淡化的傢庭背景，其實是要引導觀眾深入思考的門徑。正如影片名稱十七歲的單車一樣，十七歲可以是一個人的少年階段，也可以是一個時代的代稱。老舊的城區、靜默的居民，互相追逐的人群，加上略顯詼諧的背景音樂，影片到這不得不讓人想究知緻使這一切發生的原因。重看一遍，還不至於，靜靜思考，卻不得要領。

評分☆☆☆☆☆

Chapters 1-6 present Chomskys early work on the nature and acquisition of language as a genetically-endowed, biological system （Universal Grammar）, the rules and principles of which we acquire as internalized knowledge （I-language）. Over the past fifty years, this framework has sparked an explosion of inquiry into a wide range of languages, and has yielded some major theoretical questions.

評分☆☆☆☆☆

這本語言與心智一書，值得一看

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