数理逻辑（第2版） [Mathematical Logic] pdf epub mobi txt 电子书 下载 2025

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[德] 艾宾浩斯 著

出版社： 世界图书出版公司

ISBN：9787506292276

版次：1

商品编码：10096474

包装：平装

外文名称：Mathematical Logic

开本：24开

出版时间：2008-05-01

用纸：胶版纸

页数：289

正文语种：英语

编辑推荐

　　A short digression into model theory will help us to analyze the expressive power of the first-order language， and it will turn out that there are certain deficiencies. For example， the first-order language does not allow the formulation of an adequate axiom system for arithmetic or analysis. On the other hand， this di~culty can be overcome——-even in the framework of first-order logic——by developing mathematics in set-theoretic terms. We explain the prerequisites from set theory necessary for this purpose and then treat the subtle relation between logic and set theory in a thorough manner.
　　Godels incompleteness theorems are presented in connection with several related results (such as Trahtenbrots theorem) which all exemplify the limitatious of machine-oriented proof methods. The notions of computability theory that are relevant to this discussion are given in detail. The concept of computability is made precise by means of the register machine as a

内容简介

　　What is a mathematical proof? How can proofs be justified? Are there limitations to provability? To what extent can machines carry out mathematical proofs?
　　Only in this century has there been success in obtaining substantial and satisfactory answers. The present book contains a systematic discussion of these results. The investigations are centered around first-order logic. Our first goal is Godels completeness theorem， which shows that the consequence relation coincides with formal provability： By means of a calculus consisting of simple formal inference rules， one can obtain all consequences of a given axiom system (and in particular， imitate all mathematical proofs)

内页插图

目录

Preface
PART A
ⅠIntroduction
1.An Example from Group Theory
2.An Example from the Theory of Equivalence Relations
3.A Preliminary Analysis
4.Preview
Ⅱ Syntax of First-Order Languages
1.Alphabets
2.The Alphabet of a First-Order Language
3.Terms and Formulas in First-Order Languages
4.Induction in the Calculus of Terms and in the Calculus of Formulas
5.Free Variables and Sentences
Ⅲ Semantics of First-Order Languages
1.Structures and Interpretations
2.Standardization of Connectives
3.The Satisfaction Relation
4.The Consequence Relation
5.Two Lemmas on the Satisfaction Relation
6.Some simple formalizations
7.Some remarks on Formalizability
8.Substitution
Ⅳ A Sequent Calculus
1．Sequent Rules
2．Structural Rules and Connective Rules
3．Derivable Connective Rules
4．Quantifier and Equality Rules
5．Further Derivable Rules and Sequents
6．Summary and Example
7．Consistency
ⅤThe Completeness Theorem
1．Henkin’S Theorem．
2． Satisfiability of Consistent Sets of Formulas（the Countable Casel
3． Satisfiability of Consistent Sets of Formulas（the General Case）
4．The Completeness Theorem
Ⅵ The LSwenheim-Skolem and the Compactness Theorem
1．The L6wenheim-Skolem Theorem．
2．The Compactness Theorem
3．Elementary Classes
4．Elementarily Equivalent Structures
Ⅶ The Scope of First-Order Logic
1．The Notion of Formal Proof
2．Mathematics Within the Framework of Fimt—Order Logic
3．The Zermelo-Fraenkel Axioms for Set Theory．
4．Set Theory as a Basis for Mathematics
Ⅷ Syntactic Interpretations and Normal Forms
1．Term-Reduced Formulas and Relational Symbol Sets
2．Syntactic Interpretations
3．Extensions by Definitions
4．Normal Forms
PART B
Ⅸ Extensions of First-order logic
Ⅹ Limitations of the Formal Method
Ⅺ Free Models and Logic Programming
Ⅻ An Algebraic Characterization of Elementary Equivalence
ⅩⅢ Lindstrom’s Theorems
References
Symbol Index
Subject Index

前言/序言

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书的装帧的制定还可以，英文版也很实惠

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Gooooooooooooooooooooooood

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产生

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知识是人类在实践中认识客观世界的成果。它可能包括事实，信息，描述或在教育和实践中获得的技能。它可能是关于理论的，也可能是关于实践的。在哲学中，关于知识的研究叫做认识论。知识的获取涉及到许多复杂的过程：感觉，交流，推理。知识也可以看成构成人类智慧的最根本的因素。

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买的时候没注意是英文版的。英语欠费有点麻烦。

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利用计算的方法来代替人们思维中的逻辑推理过程，这种想法早在十七世纪就有人提出过。莱布尼茨就曾经设想过能不能创造一种“通用的科学语言”，可以把推理过程象数学一样利用公式来进行计算，从而得出正确的结论。由于当时的社会条件，他的想法并没有实现。但是它的思想却是现代数理逻辑部分内容的萌芽，从这个意义上讲，莱布尼茨可以说是数理逻辑的先驱。

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十九世纪末二十世纪初，数理逻辑有了比较大的发展，1884年，德国数学家弗雷格出版了《数论的基础》一书，在书中引入量词的符号，使得数理逻辑的符号系统更加完备。对建立这门学科做出贡献的，还有美国人皮尔斯，他也在著作中引入了逻辑符号。从而使现代数理逻辑最基本的理论基础逐步形成，成为一门独立的学科。 数理逻辑包括哪些内容呢？这里我们先介绍它的两个最基本的也是最重要的组成部分，就是“命题演算”和“谓词演算”。

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产生