引力 [AN INTRODUCTION TO EINSTEINS GENERAL RELATIVITY] 下載 mobi epub pdf 電子書 2024

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內容簡介

　　Einstein的廣義相對論是現代物理的基石。它包括瞭大量講述時空的前沿話題，黑洞、重力波以及宇宙學。隨著廣義相對論越來越成為同時代物理和天文學的中心，其在本科教育中的地位也顯得尤為重要。這本全新的教材很適閤本科生作為瞭解該課程的基礎理論。物理優先、數學理論盡可能少、大量的應用實例，作者為物理學傢和對該學科感興趣的讀者自然順暢的講述瞭這門學科。
　　讀者對象：《引力》適用於物理專業的本科生，研究生以及對該學科感興趣的廣大讀者。
　　目次：（第一部分）牛頓物理和狹義相對論中的時空：引力物理；幾何作為物理；牛頓物理中的空間；時間和引力；狹義相對論原理；狹義相對論力學； （第二部分）廣義相對論的彎麯時空：引力作為幾何；彎麯時空的描述；測地綫；球形星體外的幾何；廣義相對論的太陽係檢驗；實用相對論引力；引力坍縮和黑洞；天體物理學黑洞；微小轉動；鏇轉黑洞；引力波；宇宙觀察；宇宙學模型；什麼是宇宙以及為什麼；（第三部分）Einstein方程：數學部分；麯率和Einstein方程；麯率源；引力波發射；相對論星體。

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目錄

Preface
PART I SPACE AND TIME IN NEWTONIAN　PHYSICS AND SPECIAL RELATIVITY
1 Gravitational Physics
2 Geometry as Physics
2.1 Gravity Is Geometry
2.2 Experiments in Geometry
2.3 Different Geometries
2.4 Specifying Geometry
2.5 Coordinates and Line Element
2.6 Coordinates and Invariance

3 Space， Time， and Gravity in　Newtonian Physics
3.1 Inertial Frames
3.2 The Principle of Relativity
3.3 Newtonian Gravity
3.4 Gravitational and Inertial Mass
3.5 Variational Principle for Newtonian Mechanics

4 Principles of Special Relativity
4.1 The Addition of Velocities and the Michelson-Morley Experiment
4.2 Einsteins Resolution and Its Consequences
4.3 Spacetime
4.4 Time Dilation and the Twin Paradox
4.5 Lorentz Boosts
4.6 Units

5 Special Relativistic Mechanics
5.1 Four-Vectors
5.2 Special Relativistic Kinematics
5.3 Special Relativistic Dynamics
5.4 Variational Principle for Free Particle Motion
5.5 Light Rays
5.6 Observers and Observations

PART Ⅱ THE CURVED SPACETIMES OF GENERAL RELATIVITY
6 Gravity as Geometry
6.1 Testing the Equality of Gravitational and Inertial Mass
6.2 The Equivalence Principle
6.3 Clocks in a Gravitational Field
6.4 The Global Positioning System
6.5 Spacetime Is Curved
6.6 Newtonian Gravity in Spacetime Terms

7 The Description of Curved Spacetime
7.1 Coordinates
7.2 Metric
7.3 The Summation Convention
7.4 Local Inertial Frames
7.5 Light Cones and World Lines
7.6 Length， Area， Volume， and Four-Volume for Diagon Metrics
7.7 Embedding Diagrams and Wormholes
7.8 Vectors in Curved Spacetime
7.9 Three-Dimensional Surfaces in Four-Dimensional　Spacetime

8 Geodesics
8.1 The Geodesic Equation
8.2 Solving the Geodesic Equation——-Symmetries and　Conservation Laws
8.3 Null Geodesics
8.4 Local Inertial Frames and Freely Falling Frames

9 The Geometry Outside a Spherical Star
9.1 Schwarzschild Geometry
9.2 The Gravitational Redshift
9.3 Particle Orbits——Precession of the Perihelion
9.4 Light Ray Orbits——The Deflection and Time Delay of Light

10 Solar System Tests of General Relativity
10.1 Gravitational Redshift
10.2 PPN Parameters
10.3 Measurements of the PPN Parametery
10.4 Measurement of the PPN Parameter B-Precession of Mercurys Perihelion

11 Relativistic Gravity in Action
11.1 Gravitational Lensing
11.2 Accretion Disks Around Compact Objects
11.3 Binary Pulsars

12 Gravitational Collapse and Black Holes
12.1 The Schwarzschild Black Hole
12.2 Collapse to a Black Hole
12.3 Kruskal-Szekeres Coordinates
12.4 Nonspherical Gravitational Collapse

13 Astrophysical Black Holes
13.1 Black Holes in X-Ray Binaries
13.2 Black Holes in Galaxy Centers
13.3 Quantum Evaporation of Black Holes——Hawking Radiation

14 A Little Rotation
14.1 Rotational Dragging of Inertial Frames
14.2 Gyroscopes in Curved Spacetime
14.3 Geodetic Precession
14.4 Spacetime Outside a Slowly Rotating Spherical Body
14.5 Gyroscopes in the Spacetime of a Slowly Rotating Body
14.6 Gyros and Freely Falling Frames

15 Rotating Black Holes
15.1 Cosmic Censorship
15.2 The Kerr Geometry
15.3 The Horizon of a Rotating Black Hole
15.4 Orbits in the Equatorial Plane
15.5 The Ergosphere

16 Gravitational Waves
16.1 A Linearized Gravitational Wave
16.2 Detecting Gravitational Waves
16.3 Gravitational Wave Polarization
16.4 Gravitational Wave Interferometers
16.5 The Energy in Gravitational Waves

17 The Universe Observed
17.1 The Composition of the Universe
17.2 The Expanding Universe
17.3 Mapping the Universe

18 Cosmological Models
18.1 Homogeneous， Isotropic Spacetimes
18.2 The Cosmological Redshift
18.3 Matter， Radiation， and Vacuum
18.4 Evolution of the Flat FRW Models
18.5 The Big Bang and Age and Size of the Universe
18.6 Spatially Curved Robertson-Walker Metrics
18.7 Dynamics of the Universe

19 Which Universe and Why？
19.1 Surveying the Universe
19.2 Explaining the Universe

PART III THE EINSTEIN EQUATION
20 A Little More Math
20.1 Vectors
20.2 Dual Vectors
20.3 Tensors
20.4 The Covariant Derivative
20.5 Freely Falling Frames Again

21 Curvature and the Einstein Equation
21.1 Tidal Gravitational Forces
21.2 Equation of Geodesic Deviation
21.3 Riemann Curvature
21.4 The Einstein Equation in Vacuum
21.5 Linearized Gravity

22 The Source of Curvature
22.1 Densities
22.2 Conservation
22.2 Conservation of Energy-Momentum
22.3 The Einstein Equation
22.4 The Newtonian Limit

23 Gravitational Wave Emission
23.1 The Linearized Einstein Equation with Sources
23.2 Solving the Wave Equation with a Source
23.3 The General Solution of Linearized Gravity
23.4 Production of Weak Gravitational Waves
23.5 Gravitational Radiation from Binary Stars
23.6 The Quadrupole Formula for the Energy Loss in Gravitational Waves
23.7 Effects of Gravitational Radiation Detected in a Binary Pulsar
23.8 Strong Source Expectations

24 Relativistic Stars
24.1 The Power of the Pauli Principle
24.2 Relativistic Hydrostatic Equilibrium
24.3 Stellar Models
24.4 Matter in Its Ground State
24.5 Stability
24.6 Bounds on the Maximum Mass of Neutron Stars

APPENDIXES
A Units
A.1 Units in General
A.2 Units Employed in this Book
B Curvature Quantities
C Curvature and the Einstein Equation
D Pedagogical Strategy
D.1 Pedagogical Principles
D.2 Organization
D.3 Constructing Courses
Bibliography
Index

前言/序言

　　~Einsteins relativistic theory of gravitation——general relativity——will shortly be acentury old. At its core is one of the most beautiful and revolutionary conceptionsof modem science——the idea that gravity is the geometry of four-dimensionalcurved spacetime. Together with quantum theory， general relativity is one of thetwo most profound developments of twentieth-century physics.　 General relativity has been accurately tested in the solar system. It underliesour understanding of the universe on the largest distance scales， and is centralto the explanation of such frontier astrophysical phenomena as gravitational col-lapse， black holes， X-ray sources， neutron stars， active galactic nuclei， gravita-tional waves， and the big bang. General relativity is the intellectual origin of manyideas in contemporary elementary particle physics and is a necessary prerequisiteto understanding theories of the unification of all forces such as string theory.　 An introduction to this subject， so basic， so well established， so central to sev-eral branches of physics， and so interesting to the lay public is naturally a partof the education of every undergraduate physics major. Yet teaching general rel-ativity at an undergraduate level confronts a basic problem. The logical order ofteaching this subject （as for most others） is to assemble the necessary mathemati-cal tools， motivate the basic defining equations， solve the equations， and apply thesolutions to physically interesting circumstances. Developing the tools of differ-ential geometry， introducing the Einstein equation， and solving it is an elegant andsatisfying story. But it can also be a long one， too long in fact to cover both thatand introduce the many con~~temporary applications in the time that is typicallyavailable for an introductory undergraduate course.　 Gravity introduces general relativity in a different order. The principles onwhich it is based are discussed at greater length in Appendix D， but essentiallythe strategy is the following： The simplest physically relevant solutions of theEinstein equation are presented first， without derivation， as spacetimes whose ob-servational consequences are to be explored by the study of the motion of testparticles and light rays in them. This 引力 [AN INTRODUCTION TO EINSTEINS GENERAL RELATIVITY] 下載 mobi epub pdf txt 電子書 格式

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但是對為什麼産生引力目前沒有解釋。近代物理（廣義相對論）認為萬有引力是由於時空彎麯而産生。眾所周知，兩點之間綫段最短，這是在平麵幾何中的公理，這綫段就是短程綫。然而，在被彎麯的四維時空裏，短程綫也被彎麯瞭。因此受到引力作用，行星沿短程綫嚮太陽靠近，由於質量巧閤（包括速度巧閤）的原因，又因為行星具有慣性（很多人理解成離心力，這是錯的，離心力隻是假象，宇宙中根本並不存在離心力，至少現在沒有發現），從而周而復始的繞太陽按橢圓軌道公轉。當質量不巧閤時，會齣現引力跳闆現象，或撞嚮太陽。其中，構成天體係統的主要原因並不是引力，而是質量所引起的時空扭麯。

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真是書山有路勤為徑啊!引力寫的特彆好對我幫助也很大！一本好書就象一盞明燈照亮我們前進的道路，給我們諸多啓示。自動自發就是這樣一部勵誌佳作，它涵蓋瞭勤奮、忠誠、敬業、自信等內容，是指導我們正確對待工作和學習的一位良師益友。當讀完自動自發後感覺受益非淺，對工作有瞭更多的認發貨速度很快，蠻好書很好是正版的，包裝一般，書角有點壓壞，還好不影響什麼，質量很好，發貨速度很快，兩天就收到瞭，書的內容確實很實用，這些天忘記迴老傢拿書瞭，傢裏人幫忙收到這本書，很早就收到瞭。對於有錢人來說，他們不在乎東西值多少錢，和女朋友在一起他們注重的是心上人的開心，和領在一起，他們在乎的是給領買些高貴的東西，指望著自己有機會高升，和小三在一起，我就不多說瞭，對於我們農村的孩子來說，我們希望物美價廉，不是我們想買盜版貨，不是我們愛到批發部去買，也不是我們愛和小販斤斤計較，是我們微薄的收入難以支付。總的來說購物本身是一個開心的過程，從中我們利用自己的勞動購買自己需要的東西。京東商城的東西太便宜瞭，所以我來買瞭。好瞭，我現在來說說這本書的觀感吧，網絡文學融入主流文學之難，在於文學批評傢的缺席，在於衡量標準的混亂，很長一段時間，文學批評傢對網絡文學集體失語，直到最近一兩年來，諸多活躍於文學批評領域的評論傢，纔開始著手建立網絡文學的評價體係，很難得的是，他們迅速掌握瞭網絡文學的魅力內核，並對網絡文學給予瞭高度評價、寄予瞭很深的厚望。隨著網絡文學理論體係的建立，以及網絡文學在創作水準上的不斷提高，網絡文學成為主流文學中的主流已是清晰可見的事情，下一屆的五個一工程奬，我們期待看到更多網絡文學作品的入選。據說，2011年8月24日，京東與支付寶閤作到期。官方公告顯示，京東商城已經全麵停用支付寶，除瞭無法使用支付服務外，使用支付寶賬號登錄的功能也一並被停用。京東商城創始人劉先生5月份曾錶示京東棄用支付寶原因是支付寶的費率太貴，為快錢等公司的4倍。在棄支付寶而去之後，京東商城轉投銀聯懷抱。這點我很喜歡，因為支付寶我從來就不用，用起來也很麻煩的。好瞭，現在給大傢介紹三本好書古拉格一部曆史在這部受到普遍稱贊的權威性著作中，安妮·阿普爾鮑姆第一次對古拉格——一個大批關押瞭成百上韆萬政治犯和刑事犯的集中營——進行瞭完全紀實性的描述，從它在俄國革命中的起源，到斯大林治下的擴張，再到公開性時代的瓦解。阿普爾鮑姆深刻地再現瞭勞改營生活的本質並且將其與蘇聯的宏觀曆史聯係起來。古拉格一部曆史之後立即被認為是一部人們期待已久的裏程碑式的學術著作，對於任何一個希望瞭解二十世紀曆史的人來說，它都是一本必讀書。厭倦瞭工作中的枯燥忙碌吃膩瞭

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聽聞引力波被測到，作為昔日物理係畢業生雖然本科未曾涉及該方麵知識的學習，但是聽說看看會很有收獲，所以就買來看看，還沒拆封，看起來還是很有感覺的！

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初學GR，有兩本書是極佳選擇，一本是A first course in general relativity.再就是這本瞭。

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引力（英語：Gravitation、Gravity），又稱重力相互作用（Gravitational Interactions），是指具有質量的物體之間加速靠近的趨勢，也是自然界的四大基本相互作用力之一，另外三種相互作用分彆是電磁相互作用力、弱相互作用力及強相互作用力，萬有引力是上述相互作用中作用力最微弱的，但是在超距上仍然具有吸引力的作用。在經典力學中，萬有引力被認為來源於質量的力的作用。在廣義相對論上，萬有引力來源於存在質量對時空的扭麯，而不是一種力的作用。 在量子引力中，引力微子被假定為重力的傳送媒介。

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這本書是純英文的，適閤本科生作為瞭解該課程的基礎理論。物理優先、數學理論盡可能少、大量的應用實例，作者為物理學傢和對該學科感興趣的讀者自然順暢的講述瞭這門學科。

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學習，進步，多學習，多進步

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