具体描述
内容简介
《语用学》一书作者对语用学与句法学以及语义学的界面进行研究,为我们展现出了一幅比较完整的语用学研究图景。全书『见解独到、内容新颖,是一部优秀的语用学教科书。《语用学》作者黄衍早年留学英国,师从著名语用学家Stephell C.Levinson,获剑桥大学博士学位,后冉获牛津大学博士学位,并曾在这两所人学及雷丁大学执教。黄衍现为新西兰奥克兰久学语言学及应用语言学系教授。 目录
Preface
Acknowledgements
Symbols and abbreviations
1. Introduction
1.1. What is pragmatics?
1.1.1. Adefinition
1.1.2. A brief history of pragmatics
1.1.3. Two main schools of thought in pragmatics: Anglo-American versus European Continental
1.2. Why pragmatics?
1.2.1. Linguistic underdeterminacy
1.2.2. Simplification of semantics and syntax
1.3. Some basic notions in semantics and pragmatics
1.3.1. Sentence, utterance, proposition
1.3.2. Context
1.3.3. Truth value, truth condition, entailment
1.4. Organization of the book
Key concepts
Exercises and essay questions
Further readings
Part Ⅰ Central topics in pragmatics
2. Implicature
2.1. Classical Gricean theory of conversational implicature
2.1.1. The co-operative principle and the maxims of conversation
2.1.2. Relationship between the speaker and the maxims
2.1.3. Conversational implicatureo versus conversational implicature
2.1.4. Generalized versus particularized conversational implicature
2.1.5. Properties of conversational implicature
2.2. Two neo-Gricean pragmatic theories of conversational implicature
2.2.1. The Hornian system
2.2.2. The Levinsonian system
2.3. Conventional implicature
2.3.1. What is conventional implicature?
2.3.2. Properties of conventional implicature
2.4. Summary
Key concepts
Exercises and essay questions
Further readings
3. Presupposition
3.1. What is presupposition?
3.2. Properties of presupposition
3.2.1. Constancy under negation
3.2.2. Defeasibility
3.2.3. The projection problem
3.3. Analyses
3.3.1. The filtering-satisfaction analysis
3.3.2. The cancellation analysis
3.3.3. The accommodation analysis
3.4. Summary
Key concepts
Exercises and essay questions
Further readings
4. Speech acts
4.1. Performativesversus constatives
4.1.1. The performative/constative dichotomy
4.1.2. The performative hypothesis
4.2. Austins felicity conditions on performatives
4.3. Locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary speech acts
4.4. Searles felicity conditions on speech acts
4.5. Searles typology of speech acts
4.6. Indirect speech acts
4.6.1. What is an indirect speech act?
4.6.2. How is an indirect speech act analysed?
4.6.3. Why is an indirect speech act used? Some remarks on politeness
4.7. Speech acts and culture
4.7.1. Cross-cultural variation
4.7.2. Interlanguage variation
4.8. Summary
Key concepts
Exercises and essay questions
Further readings
5. Deixis
5.1. Preliminaries
5.1.1. Deictic versus non-deictic expression
5.1.2. Gestural versus symbolic use of a deictic expression
5.1.3. Deictic centre and deictic projection
5.2. Basic categories of deixis
5.2.1. Person deixis
5.2.2. Time deixis
5.2.3. Space deixis
5.3 Other categories of deixis
5.3.1. Social deixis
5.3.2. Discourse deixis
5.4. Summary
Key concepts
Exercises and essay questions
Further readings
Part Ⅱ Pragmatics and its interfaces
6. Pragmatics and cognition: relevance theory
6.1. Relevance
6.1.1. The cognitive principle of relevance
6.1.2. The communicative principle of relevance
6.2. Explicature, implicature, and conceptual versus procedural meaning
6.2.1. Grice: what is said versus what is implicated
6.2.2. Explicature
6.2.3. Implicature
6.2.4. Conceptual versus procedural meaning
6.3. From Fodorian central process to submodule of theory of mind
6.3.1. Fodorian theory of cognitive modularity
6.3.2. Sperber and Wilsons earlier position: pragmatics as Fodorian central process
6.3.3. Sperber and Wilsons current position: pragmatics as submodule oftheory of mind
6.4. Relevance theory compared with classical/neo-Gricean theory
6.5. Summary
Key concepts
Exercises and essay questions
Further readings
7. Pragmatics and semantics
7.1. Reductionism versus complementarism
7.2. Drawing the semantics-pragmatics distinction
7.2.1. Truth-conditional versus non-truth-conditional meaning
7.2.2. Conventional versus non-conventional meaning
7.2.3. Context independence versus context dependence
7.3. Pragmatic intrusion into what is said and the semantics-pragmatics interface
7.3.1. Grice: what is said versus what is implicated revisited
7.3.2. Relevance theorists: explicature
7.3.3. Recanati: the pragmatically enriched said
7.3.4. Bach: conversational impliciture
7.3.5. Can explicature/the pragmatically enriched said/impliciture be distinguished from implicature?
7.3.6. Levinson: conversational implicature
7.3.7. The five analyses compared
7.4. Summary
Key concepts
Exercises and essay questions
Further readings
8. Pragmatics and syntax
8.1. Chomskys views about language and linguistics
8.2. Chomskys binding theory
8.3. Problems for Chomskys binding theory
8.3.1. Binding condition A
8.3.2. Binding condition B
8.3.3. Complementarity between anaphors and pronominals
8.3.4. Binding condition C
8.4 A revised neo-Gricean pragmatic theory of anaphora
8.4.1. The general pattern of anaphora
8.4.2. A revised neo-Gricean pragmatic apparatus for anaphora
8.4.3. The binding patterns
8.4.4. Beyond the binding patterns
8.4.5. Logophoricity and emphaticness/contrastiveness
8.5. Theoretical implications
8.6. Summary
Key concepts
Exercises and essay questions
Further readings
Glossary
References
Suggested solutions to exercises
Index of names
Index of languages, language families, and language areas
Index of subjects 精彩书摘
1.1.3. Two main schools of thought in pragmatics:
Anglo-American versus European ContinentalAs pointed out in Huang (2001a), two main schools of thought can beidentified in contemporary pragmatics: Anglo-American and EuropeanContinental. Within the former conception of linguistics and the philoso-phy of language, pragmatics is defined as the systematic study of meaningby virtue of, or dependent on, language use. The central topics of inquiryinclude implicature, presupposition, speech acts, and deixis (see 1.1 above).This is known as the component view of pragrnatics, namely, the view thatpragmatics should be treated as a core component of a theory of language,on a par with phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics.By contrast, other areas such as anthropological linguistics, applied lin-guistics, and psycholinguistics would lie outside this set of core compon-ents. Within the Continental tradition, pragmatics is defined in a farbroader way, encompassing much that goes under the rubric of sociolin-guistics, psycholinguistics, and discourse analysis. Witness, for example,Verschuerens (1999: 7, 11) definition that pragmatics constitutes a generalfunctional (i.e. cognitive, social and cultural) perspective on linguisticphenomena in relation to their usage in the form of behaviour. Thisrepresents the perspective view of pragmatics, namely, the view that prag-matics should be taken as presenting a functional perspective on everyaspect of linguistic behaviour. More or less the same is true of the definitionof pragmatics provided within the former Soviet and East European trad-ition. Under this approach, pragmatics (called pragmalinguistics) is ingeneral conceived of as a theory of linguistic communication, includinghow to influence people through verbal messages (Prucha 1983). 前言/序言
The aim of this book is to provide an authoritative, up-to-date, and yetaccessible introduction to contemporary linguistic pragrnatics.
In contemporary pragmatics, two main schools of thought can be iden-tified: Anglo-American and European Continental. Within the formerconception of linguistics and the philosophy of language, pragrnatics isdefined as the systematic study of meaning by virtue of, or dependent on,language use. The central topics of inquiry include implicature, presuppos-ition, speech acts, and deixis. This is known as the component view ofpragmatics, namely, the view that pragmatics should be treated as a corecomponent of a theory of language, on a par with phonetics, phonology,morphology, syntax, and semantics. By contrast, other areas such asanthropological linguistics, applied linguistics, and psycholinguisticswould lie outside this set of core components. Within the Continentaltradition, pragmatics is defined in a far broader way, encompassing muchthat goes under the rubric of, say, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, anddiscourse analysis. The Continental approach represents the perspectiveview of pragmatics, namely, the view that pragmatics should be taken aspresenting a functional perspective on every aspect of linguistic behaviour.Given the degree of overlap among the phenomena dealt with in otherrelatively well-established interdisciplinary fields of linguistics such associolinguistics, psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics, it is rather difficultto see how a coherent research agenda for pragmaties can be made withinthe wider Continental tradition. By contrast, the narrower Anglo-American, component view of pragmatics, which focuses on topics emer-ging from the traditional concerns of analytical philosophy, delimits thescope of the discipline in a relatively coherent, systematic, and principledway. In this book, therefore, my discussion of pragmatics will largely befrom the Anglo-American, component point of view.
《言外之意:沟通的艺术与奥秘》 在信息的洪流中,我们每日都在进行着无数的交流。从一句简单的问候,到一次深入的谈判,再到一段含蓄的情感表达,每一次沟通都远不止于字面上的意义。我们倾听,我们表达,但我们真正理解的,往往隐藏在话语的缝隙之中,隐藏在表情、语调、情境的交织之下。这便是我们日常生活中不可或缺,却又常常被忽略的“言外之意”。 《言外之意:沟通的艺术与奥秘》将带领读者踏上一场探索人类沟通深层机制的旅程。本书并非直接探讨某一个特定领域的理论,而是聚焦于普遍存在的、关乎人类互动的本质——我们如何理解和运用那些未被直接说出的含义。这是一本关于“听懂”的艺术,关于“说得更有效”的学问,关乎我们如何在错综复杂的人际交往中,洞察对方的真实意图,并清晰而有力地传达自己的思想。 本书内容详实,层次分明,力求以最贴近生活化的方式,剖析沟通中的每一个微小却至关重要的环节。我们首先会从最基础的层面入手,审视语言本身的特性。为什么同一个词语在不同的语境下会产生截然不同的解读?为什么有时候,沉默比言语更能传递丰富的信息?本书将引导读者认识到,语言并非孤立的符号系统,它的生命力在于其在具体使用中的动态演变。我们会探讨词语的选择、句式的构成、语气的变化,以及它们如何共同塑造着信息的传递效果。 接着,本书将深入挖掘非语言信息的丰富内涵。目光的交流、身体的姿态、手势的幅度,甚至是微小的面部表情,都在无声地诉说着故事。我们如何通过一个眼神捕捉到对方的善意或戒备?如何通过身体语言的细微变化,判断一个人是否在说谎?本书将通过大量真实案例和细致的分析,揭示非语言信息在沟通中的强大力量,以及它们如何与口头语言协同作用,构建起完整的交流图景。 然而,沟通的真正挑战在于理解“未说出口”的部分。人们的表达往往受到个人经历、文化背景、情感状态以及社交礼仪的深刻影响。我们在交流中,常常会运用暗示、隐喻、反语等技巧,期待对方能够“会意”。《言外之意:沟通的艺术与奥秘》将详细阐释这些策略背后的逻辑,帮助读者理解,有效的沟通并非一味地直白,而是在适当的时候,运用含蓄和留白,以达到更佳的沟通效果。例如,在某些文化中,直接拒绝被视为不礼貌,因此人们会选择婉转的表达方式,这时,听者就需要具备解读这些“委婉”背后的真实意愿的能力。 本书还会着重探讨情境在沟通中的决定性作用。同一句话,在朋友间的轻松闲聊中,在严肃的工作汇报中,在紧张的谈判桌上,其含义和效果可能天差地别。我们将分析环境因素,如物理空间、社交关系、历史背景等,如何潜移默化地影响着信息的解读。理解“何时”、“何地”、“与谁”进行沟通,是掌握沟通艺术的关键一环。 此外,《言外之意:沟通的艺术与奥秘》还将触及沟通中的潜在冲突和误解。为什么有时候,我们明明出于好意,却反而引起了对方的反感?为什么有时候,一次看似无意的玩笑,却可能造成长久的隔阂?本书将剖析沟通中的常见陷阱,例如先入为主的偏见、沟通障碍的类型、以及如何有效地化解误会,重建和谐的沟通氛围。我们将提供一套实用的方法论,帮助读者在面对沟通挑战时,能够更加从容和自信。 本书的价值不仅在于理论的梳理,更在于其高度的实践指导性。我们将在每一章节都穿插生动有趣的生活化案例,从家庭琐事到职场应酬,从社交媒体上的互动到公开演讲的技巧,无所不包。读者可以通过这些案例,将所学知识与自身经历进行对照,加深理解,并学会如何在日常生活中灵活运用。我们鼓励读者积极思考,主动观察,将本书中的理论转化为提升自身沟通能力的实践。 《言外之意:沟通的艺术与奥秘》适合所有渴望提升沟通能力的人。无论您是希望在职场上更具说服力,在人际关系中更得心应手,还是仅仅想更深刻地理解身边的人和事,本书都将为您提供宝贵的启示和实用的工具。它将帮助您: 洞察未言之语: 掌握解读弦外之音、潜台词的技巧,准确把握对方的真实意图。 精准表达心意: 学会如何清晰、有效地传递自己的思想和情感,避免不必要的误解。 化解沟通难题: 掌握处理沟通障碍、化解冲突的策略,建立更加和谐的人际关系。 提升社交智慧: 更好地理解不同情境下的沟通规则,在各种社交场合游刃有余。 增强个人魅力: 拥有出色的沟通能力,将成为您个人成长和事业发展的重要助推器。 在这个信息爆炸、人际关系日益复杂的时代,掌握“言外之意”的艺术,就如同拥有了一把解锁人际交往奥秘的钥匙。《言外之意:沟通的艺术与奥秘》期待与您一同开启这场精彩的探索之旅,让每一次沟通都成为一次增进理解、建立连接的契机。本书相信,深刻的沟通,源于对每一个细节的关注,源于对人性与情感的体察,源于对语言与非语言信息的融会贯通。让我们一起,在言语的海洋中,发现更深层的意义。