具體描述
內容簡介
《語用學》一書作者對語用學與句法學以及語義學的界麵進行研究,為我們展現齣瞭一幅比較完整的語用學研究圖景。全書『見解獨到、內容新穎,是一部優秀的語用學教科書。《語用學》作者黃衍早年留學英國,師從著名語用學傢Stephell C.Levinson,獲劍橋大學博士學位,後冉獲牛津大學博士學位,並曾在這兩所人學及雷丁大學執教。黃衍現為新西蘭奧剋蘭久學語言學及應用語言學係教授。 目錄
Preface
Acknowledgements
Symbols and abbreviations
1. Introduction
1.1. What is pragmatics?
1.1.1. Adefinition
1.1.2. A brief history of pragmatics
1.1.3. Two main schools of thought in pragmatics: Anglo-American versus European Continental
1.2. Why pragmatics?
1.2.1. Linguistic underdeterminacy
1.2.2. Simplification of semantics and syntax
1.3. Some basic notions in semantics and pragmatics
1.3.1. Sentence, utterance, proposition
1.3.2. Context
1.3.3. Truth value, truth condition, entailment
1.4. Organization of the book
Key concepts
Exercises and essay questions
Further readings
Part Ⅰ Central topics in pragmatics
2. Implicature
2.1. Classical Gricean theory of conversational implicature
2.1.1. The co-operative principle and the maxims of conversation
2.1.2. Relationship between the speaker and the maxims
2.1.3. Conversational implicatureo versus conversational implicature
2.1.4. Generalized versus particularized conversational implicature
2.1.5. Properties of conversational implicature
2.2. Two neo-Gricean pragmatic theories of conversational implicature
2.2.1. The Hornian system
2.2.2. The Levinsonian system
2.3. Conventional implicature
2.3.1. What is conventional implicature?
2.3.2. Properties of conventional implicature
2.4. Summary
Key concepts
Exercises and essay questions
Further readings
3. Presupposition
3.1. What is presupposition?
3.2. Properties of presupposition
3.2.1. Constancy under negation
3.2.2. Defeasibility
3.2.3. The projection problem
3.3. Analyses
3.3.1. The filtering-satisfaction analysis
3.3.2. The cancellation analysis
3.3.3. The accommodation analysis
3.4. Summary
Key concepts
Exercises and essay questions
Further readings
4. Speech acts
4.1. Performativesversus constatives
4.1.1. The performative/constative dichotomy
4.1.2. The performative hypothesis
4.2. Austins felicity conditions on performatives
4.3. Locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary speech acts
4.4. Searles felicity conditions on speech acts
4.5. Searles typology of speech acts
4.6. Indirect speech acts
4.6.1. What is an indirect speech act?
4.6.2. How is an indirect speech act analysed?
4.6.3. Why is an indirect speech act used? Some remarks on politeness
4.7. Speech acts and culture
4.7.1. Cross-cultural variation
4.7.2. Interlanguage variation
4.8. Summary
Key concepts
Exercises and essay questions
Further readings
5. Deixis
5.1. Preliminaries
5.1.1. Deictic versus non-deictic expression
5.1.2. Gestural versus symbolic use of a deictic expression
5.1.3. Deictic centre and deictic projection
5.2. Basic categories of deixis
5.2.1. Person deixis
5.2.2. Time deixis
5.2.3. Space deixis
5.3 Other categories of deixis
5.3.1. Social deixis
5.3.2. Discourse deixis
5.4. Summary
Key concepts
Exercises and essay questions
Further readings
Part Ⅱ Pragmatics and its interfaces
6. Pragmatics and cognition: relevance theory
6.1. Relevance
6.1.1. The cognitive principle of relevance
6.1.2. The communicative principle of relevance
6.2. Explicature, implicature, and conceptual versus procedural meaning
6.2.1. Grice: what is said versus what is implicated
6.2.2. Explicature
6.2.3. Implicature
6.2.4. Conceptual versus procedural meaning
6.3. From Fodorian central process to submodule of theory of mind
6.3.1. Fodorian theory of cognitive modularity
6.3.2. Sperber and Wilsons earlier position: pragmatics as Fodorian central process
6.3.3. Sperber and Wilsons current position: pragmatics as submodule oftheory of mind
6.4. Relevance theory compared with classical/neo-Gricean theory
6.5. Summary
Key concepts
Exercises and essay questions
Further readings
7. Pragmatics and semantics
7.1. Reductionism versus complementarism
7.2. Drawing the semantics-pragmatics distinction
7.2.1. Truth-conditional versus non-truth-conditional meaning
7.2.2. Conventional versus non-conventional meaning
7.2.3. Context independence versus context dependence
7.3. Pragmatic intrusion into what is said and the semantics-pragmatics interface
7.3.1. Grice: what is said versus what is implicated revisited
7.3.2. Relevance theorists: explicature
7.3.3. Recanati: the pragmatically enriched said
7.3.4. Bach: conversational impliciture
7.3.5. Can explicature/the pragmatically enriched said/impliciture be distinguished from implicature?
7.3.6. Levinson: conversational implicature
7.3.7. The five analyses compared
7.4. Summary
Key concepts
Exercises and essay questions
Further readings
8. Pragmatics and syntax
8.1. Chomskys views about language and linguistics
8.2. Chomskys binding theory
8.3. Problems for Chomskys binding theory
8.3.1. Binding condition A
8.3.2. Binding condition B
8.3.3. Complementarity between anaphors and pronominals
8.3.4. Binding condition C
8.4 A revised neo-Gricean pragmatic theory of anaphora
8.4.1. The general pattern of anaphora
8.4.2. A revised neo-Gricean pragmatic apparatus for anaphora
8.4.3. The binding patterns
8.4.4. Beyond the binding patterns
8.4.5. Logophoricity and emphaticness/contrastiveness
8.5. Theoretical implications
8.6. Summary
Key concepts
Exercises and essay questions
Further readings
Glossary
References
Suggested solutions to exercises
Index of names
Index of languages, language families, and language areas
Index of subjects 精彩書摘
1.1.3. Two main schools of thought in pragmatics:
Anglo-American versus European ContinentalAs pointed out in Huang (2001a), two main schools of thought can beidentified in contemporary pragmatics: Anglo-American and EuropeanContinental. Within the former conception of linguistics and the philoso-phy of language, pragmatics is defined as the systematic study of meaningby virtue of, or dependent on, language use. The central topics of inquiryinclude implicature, presupposition, speech acts, and deixis (see 1.1 above).This is known as the component view of pragrnatics, namely, the view thatpragmatics should be treated as a core component of a theory of language,on a par with phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics.By contrast, other areas such as anthropological linguistics, applied lin-guistics, and psycholinguistics would lie outside this set of core compon-ents. Within the Continental tradition, pragmatics is defined in a farbroader way, encompassing much that goes under the rubric of sociolin-guistics, psycholinguistics, and discourse analysis. Witness, for example,Verschuerens (1999: 7, 11) definition that pragmatics constitutes a generalfunctional (i.e. cognitive, social and cultural) perspective on linguisticphenomena in relation to their usage in the form of behaviour. Thisrepresents the perspective view of pragmatics, namely, the view that prag-matics should be taken as presenting a functional perspective on everyaspect of linguistic behaviour. More or less the same is true of the definitionof pragmatics provided within the former Soviet and East European trad-ition. Under this approach, pragmatics (called pragmalinguistics) is ingeneral conceived of as a theory of linguistic communication, includinghow to influence people through verbal messages (Prucha 1983). 前言/序言
The aim of this book is to provide an authoritative, up-to-date, and yetaccessible introduction to contemporary linguistic pragrnatics.
In contemporary pragmatics, two main schools of thought can be iden-tified: Anglo-American and European Continental. Within the formerconception of linguistics and the philosophy of language, pragrnatics isdefined as the systematic study of meaning by virtue of, or dependent on,language use. The central topics of inquiry include implicature, presuppos-ition, speech acts, and deixis. This is known as the component view ofpragmatics, namely, the view that pragmatics should be treated as a corecomponent of a theory of language, on a par with phonetics, phonology,morphology, syntax, and semantics. By contrast, other areas such asanthropological linguistics, applied linguistics, and psycholinguisticswould lie outside this set of core components. Within the Continentaltradition, pragmatics is defined in a far broader way, encompassing muchthat goes under the rubric of, say, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, anddiscourse analysis. The Continental approach represents the perspectiveview of pragmatics, namely, the view that pragmatics should be taken aspresenting a functional perspective on every aspect of linguistic behaviour.Given the degree of overlap among the phenomena dealt with in otherrelatively well-established interdisciplinary fields of linguistics such associolinguistics, psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics, it is rather difficultto see how a coherent research agenda for pragmaties can be made withinthe wider Continental tradition. By contrast, the narrower Anglo-American, component view of pragmatics, which focuses on topics emer-ging from the traditional concerns of analytical philosophy, delimits thescope of the discipline in a relatively coherent, systematic, and principledway. In this book, therefore, my discussion of pragmatics will largely befrom the Anglo-American, component point of view.
《言外之意:溝通的藝術與奧秘》 在信息的洪流中,我們每日都在進行著無數的交流。從一句簡單的問候,到一次深入的談判,再到一段含蓄的情感錶達,每一次溝通都遠不止於字麵上的意義。我們傾聽,我們錶達,但我們真正理解的,往往隱藏在話語的縫隙之中,隱藏在錶情、語調、情境的交織之下。這便是我們日常生活中不可或缺,卻又常常被忽略的“言外之意”。 《言外之意:溝通的藝術與奧秘》將帶領讀者踏上一場探索人類溝通深層機製的旅程。本書並非直接探討某一個特定領域的理論,而是聚焦於普遍存在的、關乎人類互動的本質——我們如何理解和運用那些未被直接說齣的含義。這是一本關於“聽懂”的藝術,關於“說得更有效”的學問,關乎我們如何在錯綜復雜的人際交往中,洞察對方的真實意圖,並清晰而有力地傳達自己的思想。 本書內容詳實,層次分明,力求以最貼近生活化的方式,剖析溝通中的每一個微小卻至關重要的環節。我們首先會從最基礎的層麵入手,審視語言本身的特性。為什麼同一個詞語在不同的語境下會産生截然不同的解讀?為什麼有時候,沉默比言語更能傳遞豐富的信息?本書將引導讀者認識到,語言並非孤立的符號係統,它的生命力在於其在具體使用中的動態演變。我們會探討詞語的選擇、句式的構成、語氣的變化,以及它們如何共同塑造著信息的傳遞效果。 接著,本書將深入挖掘非語言信息的豐富內涵。目光的交流、身體的姿態、手勢的幅度,甚至是微小的麵部錶情,都在無聲地訴說著故事。我們如何通過一個眼神捕捉到對方的善意或戒備?如何通過身體語言的細微變化,判斷一個人是否在說謊?本書將通過大量真實案例和細緻的分析,揭示非語言信息在溝通中的強大力量,以及它們如何與口頭語言協同作用,構建起完整的交流圖景。 然而,溝通的真正挑戰在於理解“未說齣口”的部分。人們的錶達往往受到個人經曆、文化背景、情感狀態以及社交禮儀的深刻影響。我們在交流中,常常會運用暗示、隱喻、反語等技巧,期待對方能夠“會意”。《言外之意:溝通的藝術與奧秘》將詳細闡釋這些策略背後的邏輯,幫助讀者理解,有效的溝通並非一味地直白,而是在適當的時候,運用含蓄和留白,以達到更佳的溝通效果。例如,在某些文化中,直接拒絕被視為不禮貌,因此人們會選擇婉轉的錶達方式,這時,聽者就需要具備解讀這些“委婉”背後的真實意願的能力。 本書還會著重探討情境在溝通中的決定性作用。同一句話,在朋友間的輕鬆閑聊中,在嚴肅的工作匯報中,在緊張的談判桌上,其含義和效果可能天差地彆。我們將分析環境因素,如物理空間、社交關係、曆史背景等,如何潛移默化地影響著信息的解讀。理解“何時”、“何地”、“與誰”進行溝通,是掌握溝通藝術的關鍵一環。 此外,《言外之意:溝通的藝術與奧秘》還將觸及溝通中的潛在衝突和誤解。為什麼有時候,我們明明齣於好意,卻反而引起瞭對方的反感?為什麼有時候,一次看似無意的玩笑,卻可能造成長久的隔閡?本書將剖析溝通中的常見陷阱,例如先入為主的偏見、溝通障礙的類型、以及如何有效地化解誤會,重建和諧的溝通氛圍。我們將提供一套實用的方法論,幫助讀者在麵對溝通挑戰時,能夠更加從容和自信。 本書的價值不僅在於理論的梳理,更在於其高度的實踐指導性。我們將在每一章節都穿插生動有趣的生活化案例,從傢庭瑣事到職場應酬,從社交媒體上的互動到公開演講的技巧,無所不包。讀者可以通過這些案例,將所學知識與自身經曆進行對照,加深理解,並學會如何在日常生活中靈活運用。我們鼓勵讀者積極思考,主動觀察,將本書中的理論轉化為提升自身溝通能力的實踐。 《言外之意:溝通的藝術與奧秘》適閤所有渴望提升溝通能力的人。無論您是希望在職場上更具說服力,在人際關係中更得心應手,還是僅僅想更深刻地理解身邊的人和事,本書都將為您提供寶貴的啓示和實用的工具。它將幫助您: 洞察未言之語: 掌握解讀弦外之音、潛颱詞的技巧,準確把握對方的真實意圖。 精準錶達心意: 學會如何清晰、有效地傳遞自己的思想和情感,避免不必要的誤解。 化解溝通難題: 掌握處理溝通障礙、化解衝突的策略,建立更加和諧的人際關係。 提升社交智慧: 更好地理解不同情境下的溝通規則,在各種社交場閤遊刃有餘。 增強個人魅力: 擁有齣色的溝通能力,將成為您個人成長和事業發展的重要助推器。 在這個信息爆炸、人際關係日益復雜的時代,掌握“言外之意”的藝術,就如同擁有瞭一把解鎖人際交往奧秘的鑰匙。《言外之意:溝通的藝術與奧秘》期待與您一同開啓這場精彩的探索之旅,讓每一次溝通都成為一次增進理解、建立連接的契機。本書相信,深刻的溝通,源於對每一個細節的關注,源於對人性與情感的體察,源於對語言與非語言信息的融會貫通。讓我們一起,在言語的海洋中,發現更深層的意義。