内容简介
对外交理论和实践的深入探讨离不开阅读有关外交学的经典(古典)文献。所谓“经典”,无非是过去的但却与今天仍然相关的(为当代的人们仍然珍视的)文
献。
今天,年轻的华人学者很难读到或者读懂汉语的经典文献。同样,对英语世界的学者来说,要阅读那些属于“经典”之列的英语文献也非易事。
英语世界关于外交和国际关系的近代早期(中世纪结束后到18世纪)文献很多,但都分散在各种各样的文字中,如文章、书信、回忆录、公文、著作章节等。缺少耐心的当代读者还是难以比较全面地接近这些东西。即使人们进入存放这些文献的现代图书馆,费力找到了相关的文献,也难以触及这些文献的“涉外”核心部分。为了解决这个问题,贝里奇教授不厌其烦,在伦敦英国国家图书馆(不列颠图书馆)和莱斯特大学图书馆完成了《外交学经典选读》一书的选编工作。该书篇幅上不过是个小册子,却十分精要,摘要、收录了西方具有代表性的近代外交思想文献。它们依次是:柯门斯的《回忆录》、马基雅弗利的《给拉法埃洛·吉罗拉米大使出使帝国的建议》、圭恰迪尼的《杂感》、真蒂利的《使馆三书》、奥特芒的《论大使》、培根的《论谈判》、德·薇拉的《论完美的大使》、格劳秀斯的《论公使馆的权利》、黎塞留的《政治遗嘱》、威克福的《大使及其职责》、卡利埃的《与君主谈判的艺术》、宾克斯胡克的《对大使的管辖》、佩凯的《论谈判艺》、瓦泰勒的《万国法》。
目录
Authors Preface and Acknowledgements
Foreword
Introduction
The art of negotiation
The personnel
The channels of negotiation
Diplomacy in the states-system
1 Commynes: The Memoirs
2 Machiavelli: Advice to Raffaello Girolami
3 Guicciardini: Ricordi
4 Gentili: Three Books on Embassies
5 Hotman: The Ambassador
6 Bacon: Of Negotiating
7 De Vera: The Perfect Ambassador
8 Grotius: On the Right of Legation
9 Richelieu: Political Testament
10 Wicquefort: The Embassador and his Functions
11 Calli~res: The Art of Negotiating with Sovereign Princes
12 Bynkershoek: Jurisdiction over Ambassadors
13 Pecquet: Discourse on the Art of Negotiating
14 Vattel: The Law of Nations
Index
精彩书摘
54 Diplomatic Classics
doing so has sometimes gained me great honour, as a contrary course will bring him who adopts it great disgrace.
213 Reasons to the contrary stand in the way of every conclusion a man can come to, and of all his efforts to carry them out. For there is nothing so perfect as not to have some blemish, nor anything so evil as not to be tempered by some good. Whence it happens that many men, being perplexed by every trifling difficulty, rest always in suspense. These are the persons we speak of as over-scrupulous, because they entertain doubts about everything. We ought not to live thus, but, after balancing the disadvantages on both sides, should accept those that weigh least, remembering that no course we can take will in all respects be clear and perfect.
Notes
1. De Legationibus Libri Tres, p. 171 (see Chapter 4).
2. I have discussed these and other points in my chapter on Guicciardini in G. R. Berridge et aL, Diplomatic Theory from Machiavelli to Kissinger (Palgrave: Basingstoke, 2001).
3. Ricordi politici e civili, pp. 81-224 of vol. 1, Opere inedite di Francesco Guicciardini, ed. Guiseppe Canestrini (Firenze, 1857-67, 10 vols). This publication was made possible by the opening of the Guicciardini family archives in Florence. The other English translations, by Grayson and Domandi, are listed in Further reading. For the highly regarded critical edition in Italian, see Raffaele Spongano, Francesco Guicciardini: Ricordi Edizione Critica (Sansont: Firenze, 1951).
4. By the time that his translation of the Ricordi appeared, he had already published translations of Machiavellis The Prince (1882) and The Discourses (1883). His translation of The Prince was dearly well thought of because the rights to a revised and corrected edition were subsequently acquired by the Clarendon Press, Oxford, which published this version in 1897. In 1910 this was reprinted in the Harvard Classics series, and three years later the Clarendon Press published a third edition.
5. Francesco Guicciardini and his European Reputation (New York, 1936), pp. 342-50,362.
6. Mrs Emma Martin had published a translation in 1845, but this was based on an earlier and inaccurate manuscript. It seems somewhat misleading, to say the least, for the Graysons to suggest that the postCanestrini translation of Thomson was no better than the pre-Canestrini effort of Emma Martin, Francesco Guicciardini: Selected Writings, p. 3. Of the Martin translation, Thomson himself says, with true Victorian chivalry, that the translation itself is on the whole so good, that had the text from which it is made been fuller and more faithful, a further rendering would have been super fluous,p. xxv.
前言/序言
~I have produced this book in order to make more accessible the thought of some of the most important figures writing on diplomacy in the period when modem diplomacy was taking shape, that is, in the interval between the end of the middle ages and the French revolution. Choosing the texts was not difficult because not that many are readily available even to a holder of a readers ticket for the British Library. Choosing the selections in some cases, however, was another matter. I shall not say much about this here because I say something on the subject in the introduction to each chapter. For some of the writers the selection was easy because what they had to say about diplomacy was relatively little, and it was concentrated in a letter (Machiavelli), essay (Bacon), or chapter (Grotius, Richelieu). For the rest the task was more challenging, either because their tracts were much longer or because they were unusually organized. In some of these instances I have felt it necessary to rearrange the extracts under my own sub-headings. Selections also became more difficult towards the end, and notably in the case of Callieres, because I wished to avoid excessive repeti- tion in extracts from the later texts of what was to be found in those from the earlier ones, even though the later expositions might be more lucid.
I am grateful to Alison Howson of Palgrave for supporting this project, to Alain Lempereur for inviting me to talk on this period at a conference on Talleyrand in Paris in February 2004 (which gave me an extra incentive to work on the introductory essay), and especially to Paul Sharp for his valuable criticism of the first draft. I am also grateful to the University of Wisconsin Press for permission to reproduce Chapter VI of Part II of The Political Testament of Cardinal Richelieu: The significant chapters and supporting selections, translated by Henry Bertram Hill (Madison, 1961). Finally, I am also in debt - once more - to my wife, Sheila, for assisting me with the translation from French into English of the passages reproduced from Pecquets Discours sur lArt de N~~gocier and De Veras Le Parfait Ambassadeur. To the best of my knowledge, these are published here in English for the first time.
The author and publisher have made every attempt to contact copy- right holders. If any have inadvertently been overlooked, appropriate arrangements will be made at the first opportunity.~
探寻国家交往的智慧之光:一部外交思想的宏伟画卷 本书并非简单罗列外交政策的嬗变,而是深入挖掘国家间互动关系背后,那套历经时间洗礼、智慧沉淀的深层逻辑与行为准则。我们追溯的旅程,始于欧洲近代国家体系的黎明,在那一时期,各国为了生存与扩张,开始系统性地探索如何有效、持久地维系彼此间的关系。从柯门斯(Hugo Grotius)对国际法基本原则的奠基性阐述,到瓦泰勒(Emer de Vattel)关于主权国家间权利与义务的系统梳理,这其中蕴含的不仅是理论上的突破,更是国家治理与对外交往实践的深刻反思。 从“力量法则”到“理性秩序”的跨越:近代外交的萌芽与茁壮 在理解本书所要呈现的思想内涵之前,有必要先勾勒出那个孕育外交学思想的时代背景。在漫长的中世纪,欧洲的政治格局分散,教会的权威高于世俗君主,国际法的概念模糊不清。然而,随着民族国家的兴起,中央集权得到加强,各国开始拥有独立的对外决策权。宗教改革引发的长期战争,特别是三十年战争,更是直接催生了对新型国际秩序的需求。战争的残酷与无休止,迫使人们思考如何建立一套超越宗教与个人恩怨的、可预测的国际关系框架。 柯门斯,被誉为“国际法之父”,正是在这样的背景下,以其划时代的著作《论战争法与和平法》回应了时代的呼唤。他试图在混乱的国际关系中寻找秩序,即使在战争状态下,也主张存在着超越国家意志的普遍性法理。他区分了“正义的战争”与“不正义的战争”,并探讨了战时与战后行为的规范,为近代国际法的基本原则奠定了基石。他所倡导的“自然法”思想,赋予了国际法一种超越性的、基于理性的基础,尽管这种理性是当时欧洲知识界所理解的特定形式的理性。柯门斯的工作,标志着人类在试图用法律和理性来约束国家行为方面迈出了关键一步,尽管这一步在当时仍充满了理想主义的色彩,离完全实现尚有距离。 紧随其后的,是那些为实践外交提供更具体指导的思想家们。他们理解到,即使有了法律框架,国家间的互动依然是复杂且充满变数的。因此,发展一套能够应对现实挑战的外交策略,变得至关重要。这不仅仅是关于法律条文的解释,更是关于如何理解他国意图、如何构建联盟、如何通过谈判与协商来避免冲突、以及如何在维护国家利益的同时,尽可能地促进普遍和平的艺术。 瓦泰勒的贡献:主权国家的体系与外交的艺术 瓦泰勒的《国家之间的法,或处理和进行民族事务的原则》(Droit des gens, ou Principes de la loi naturelle appliqués à la conduite et aux affaires des nations)则将这些思考推向了一个新的高度。他更加系统地阐述了主权国家作为国际关系的根本行为体的地位。在他看来,国际社会是由一系列独立自主的主权国家组成的,它们在享有最高权力的同时,也负有相应的国际义务。瓦泰勒的著作,是对当时欧洲现实国际政治格局的深刻反思与理论概括。他详细论述了国家的主权如何体现、国家之间的权利如何保障、以及在不存在一个至高无上的世界政府的情况下,国家应如何彼此交往。 瓦泰勒对“国家利益”的理解,是其理论体系中的核心。但他并非鼓吹无限制的利己主义,而是强调在追求国家利益的过程中,必须遵循一定的道德与法律原则,以避免陷入无休止的冲突。他对于“自然状态”下的国家交往,以及如何通过“公约”与“习惯”来构建国际法的具体内容,都进行了细致的分析。尤其值得注意的是,瓦泰勒对于“中立”的讨论,对于理解国家在冲突中的定位与行为提供了重要的理论视角。他关于外交官的地位与特权,以及国家如何通过派遣使节进行沟通的论述,更是为近代外交实践提供了直接的指导。 更重要的是,瓦泰勒将外交视为一种“艺术”,一种需要高超智慧、敏锐洞察力和卓越沟通技巧的实践。他深入剖析了谈判的技巧,如何审慎地表达立场,如何巧妙地回应对方的提议,以及如何在维护尊严的同时,寻求互利的解决方案。他的思想,不仅仅是理论上的建构,更是对如何在复杂的国际舞台上“说服”、“协调”与“妥协”的经验总结。 超越时代局限:经典思想的现代价值 本书的选读,旨在揭示柯门斯和瓦泰勒等早期思想家所奠定的外交学基石,如何影响了后世的外交理论与实践。尽管他们所处的时代背景与我们今天大不相同,但他们对国家理性、国际秩序、法律约束以及外交艺术的思考,至今仍具有深刻的启示意义。 柯门斯对于国际法治的坚定信念,提醒我们在全球化日益加深的今天,如何构建更具约束力、更有效率的国际法律体系,以应对跨国犯罪、环境污染、网络安全等全球性挑战。他的思想,促使我们反思,当国家利益与国际规范发生冲突时,我们应当如何抉择。 瓦泰勒对主权国家体系的精辟论述,为我们理解当今国际政治的复杂性提供了重要的分析工具。尽管国际组织和全球治理机制不断发展,但主权国家仍然是国际关系中最根本的行为体。如何理解国家主权的边界,如何平衡国家利益与全球公共利益,如何处理国家间在主权问题上的分歧,这些都是瓦泰勒思想留给我们的重要课题。 同时,瓦泰勒对外交实践的精细描绘,更是提醒我们,即使在技术和信息爆炸的今天,外交的本质并未改变。理解他国文化、心理和战略意图,进行有效的沟通与谈判,建立信任与合作,依然是解决国际争端、维护和平的关键。本书所呈现的,正是这种对国家交往智慧的持续追求,是对如何在充满不确定性的世界中,寻求稳定、公正与繁荣的永恒探索。 本书的意义:连接历史与未来,照亮外交之路 本书精选的文本,不仅是学术研究的珍贵资料,更是对所有关注国际关系、致力于国家发展与世界和平的读者,一次深刻的思想启迪。我们希望通过对这些经典著作的解读,能够帮助读者: 理解外交的“根”: 追溯外交思想的源流,认识到现代外交并非凭空而来,而是有着深厚的历史积淀。 把握外交的“魂”: 洞察外交背后的理性逻辑与道德考量,理解国家交往的深层驱动力。 掌握外交的“术”: 学习历代外交家与思想家在实践中提炼出的智慧与技巧,提升分析与应对国际事务的能力。 展望外交的“途”: 在经典思想的指引下,思考当代中国外交面临的挑战与机遇,以及如何在新时代塑造负责任的大国形象。 这不仅仅是一部关于外交理论的书籍,更是一部关于国家生存与发展的智慧之书。它邀请我们一同踏上这段探寻国家交往智慧的旅程,从历史的深处汲取力量,为当下的抉择提供指引,为未来的发展铺设道路。通过理解这些经典,我们能够更清晰地认识到,外交并非冷冰冰的政治博弈,而是一门关于如何理解人性、如何构建信任、如何化解冲突、以及如何共同创造一个更美好世界的艺术。