內容簡介
對外交理論和實踐的深入探討離不開閱讀有關外交學的經典(古典)文獻。所謂“經典”,無非是過去的但卻與今天仍然相關的(為當代的人們仍然珍視的)文
獻。
今天,年輕的華人學者很難讀到或者讀懂漢語的經典文獻。同樣,對英語世界的學者來說,要閱讀那些屬於“經典”之列的英語文獻也非易事。
英語世界關於外交和國際關係的近代早期(中世紀結束後到18世紀)文獻很多,但都分散在各種各樣的文字中,如文章、書信、迴憶錄、公文、著作章節等。缺少耐心的當代讀者還是難以比較全麵地接近這些東西。即使人們進入存放這些文獻的現代圖書館,費力找到瞭相關的文獻,也難以觸及這些文獻的“涉外”核心部分。為瞭解決這個問題,貝裏奇教授不厭其煩,在倫敦英國國傢圖書館(不列顛圖書館)和萊斯特大學圖書館完成瞭《外交學經典選讀》一書的選編工作。該書篇幅上不過是個小冊子,卻十分精要,摘要、收錄瞭西方具有代錶性的近代外交思想文獻。它們依次是:柯門斯的《迴憶錄》、馬基雅弗利的《給拉法埃洛·吉羅拉米大使齣使帝國的建議》、圭恰迪尼的《雜感》、真蒂利的《使館三書》、奧特芒的《論大使》、培根的《論談判》、德·薇拉的《論完美的大使》、格勞秀斯的《論公使館的權利》、黎塞留的《政治遺囑》、威剋福的《大使及其職責》、卡利埃的《與君主談判的藝術》、賓剋斯鬍剋的《對大使的管轄》、佩凱的《論談判藝》、瓦泰勒的《萬國法》。
目錄
Authors Preface and Acknowledgements
Foreword
Introduction
The art of negotiation
The personnel
The channels of negotiation
Diplomacy in the states-system
1 Commynes: The Memoirs
2 Machiavelli: Advice to Raffaello Girolami
3 Guicciardini: Ricordi
4 Gentili: Three Books on Embassies
5 Hotman: The Ambassador
6 Bacon: Of Negotiating
7 De Vera: The Perfect Ambassador
8 Grotius: On the Right of Legation
9 Richelieu: Political Testament
10 Wicquefort: The Embassador and his Functions
11 Calli~res: The Art of Negotiating with Sovereign Princes
12 Bynkershoek: Jurisdiction over Ambassadors
13 Pecquet: Discourse on the Art of Negotiating
14 Vattel: The Law of Nations
Index
精彩書摘
54 Diplomatic Classics
doing so has sometimes gained me great honour, as a contrary course will bring him who adopts it great disgrace.
213 Reasons to the contrary stand in the way of every conclusion a man can come to, and of all his efforts to carry them out. For there is nothing so perfect as not to have some blemish, nor anything so evil as not to be tempered by some good. Whence it happens that many men, being perplexed by every trifling difficulty, rest always in suspense. These are the persons we speak of as over-scrupulous, because they entertain doubts about everything. We ought not to live thus, but, after balancing the disadvantages on both sides, should accept those that weigh least, remembering that no course we can take will in all respects be clear and perfect.
Notes
1. De Legationibus Libri Tres, p. 171 (see Chapter 4).
2. I have discussed these and other points in my chapter on Guicciardini in G. R. Berridge et aL, Diplomatic Theory from Machiavelli to Kissinger (Palgrave: Basingstoke, 2001).
3. Ricordi politici e civili, pp. 81-224 of vol. 1, Opere inedite di Francesco Guicciardini, ed. Guiseppe Canestrini (Firenze, 1857-67, 10 vols). This publication was made possible by the opening of the Guicciardini family archives in Florence. The other English translations, by Grayson and Domandi, are listed in Further reading. For the highly regarded critical edition in Italian, see Raffaele Spongano, Francesco Guicciardini: Ricordi Edizione Critica (Sansont: Firenze, 1951).
4. By the time that his translation of the Ricordi appeared, he had already published translations of Machiavellis The Prince (1882) and The Discourses (1883). His translation of The Prince was dearly well thought of because the rights to a revised and corrected edition were subsequently acquired by the Clarendon Press, Oxford, which published this version in 1897. In 1910 this was reprinted in the Harvard Classics series, and three years later the Clarendon Press published a third edition.
5. Francesco Guicciardini and his European Reputation (New York, 1936), pp. 342-50,362.
6. Mrs Emma Martin had published a translation in 1845, but this was based on an earlier and inaccurate manuscript. It seems somewhat misleading, to say the least, for the Graysons to suggest that the postCanestrini translation of Thomson was no better than the pre-Canestrini effort of Emma Martin, Francesco Guicciardini: Selected Writings, p. 3. Of the Martin translation, Thomson himself says, with true Victorian chivalry, that the translation itself is on the whole so good, that had the text from which it is made been fuller and more faithful, a further rendering would have been super fluous,p. xxv.
前言/序言
~I have produced this book in order to make more accessible the thought of some of the most important figures writing on diplomacy in the period when modem diplomacy was taking shape, that is, in the interval between the end of the middle ages and the French revolution. Choosing the texts was not difficult because not that many are readily available even to a holder of a readers ticket for the British Library. Choosing the selections in some cases, however, was another matter. I shall not say much about this here because I say something on the subject in the introduction to each chapter. For some of the writers the selection was easy because what they had to say about diplomacy was relatively little, and it was concentrated in a letter (Machiavelli), essay (Bacon), or chapter (Grotius, Richelieu). For the rest the task was more challenging, either because their tracts were much longer or because they were unusually organized. In some of these instances I have felt it necessary to rearrange the extracts under my own sub-headings. Selections also became more difficult towards the end, and notably in the case of Callieres, because I wished to avoid excessive repeti- tion in extracts from the later texts of what was to be found in those from the earlier ones, even though the later expositions might be more lucid.
I am grateful to Alison Howson of Palgrave for supporting this project, to Alain Lempereur for inviting me to talk on this period at a conference on Talleyrand in Paris in February 2004 (which gave me an extra incentive to work on the introductory essay), and especially to Paul Sharp for his valuable criticism of the first draft. I am also grateful to the University of Wisconsin Press for permission to reproduce Chapter VI of Part II of The Political Testament of Cardinal Richelieu: The significant chapters and supporting selections, translated by Henry Bertram Hill (Madison, 1961). Finally, I am also in debt - once more - to my wife, Sheila, for assisting me with the translation from French into English of the passages reproduced from Pecquets Discours sur lArt de N~~gocier and De Veras Le Parfait Ambassadeur. To the best of my knowledge, these are published here in English for the first time.
The author and publisher have made every attempt to contact copy- right holders. If any have inadvertently been overlooked, appropriate arrangements will be made at the first opportunity.~
探尋國傢交往的智慧之光:一部外交思想的宏偉畫捲 本書並非簡單羅列外交政策的嬗變,而是深入挖掘國傢間互動關係背後,那套曆經時間洗禮、智慧沉澱的深層邏輯與行為準則。我們追溯的旅程,始於歐洲近代國傢體係的黎明,在那一時期,各國為瞭生存與擴張,開始係統性地探索如何有效、持久地維係彼此間的關係。從柯門斯(Hugo Grotius)對國際法基本原則的奠基性闡述,到瓦泰勒(Emer de Vattel)關於主權國傢間權利與義務的係統梳理,這其中蘊含的不僅是理論上的突破,更是國傢治理與對外交往實踐的深刻反思。 從“力量法則”到“理性秩序”的跨越:近代外交的萌芽與茁壯 在理解本書所要呈現的思想內涵之前,有必要先勾勒齣那個孕育外交學思想的時代背景。在漫長的中世紀,歐洲的政治格局分散,教會的權威高於世俗君主,國際法的概念模糊不清。然而,隨著民族國傢的興起,中央集權得到加強,各國開始擁有獨立的對外決策權。宗教改革引發的長期戰爭,特彆是三十年戰爭,更是直接催生瞭對新型國際秩序的需求。戰爭的殘酷與無休止,迫使人們思考如何建立一套超越宗教與個人恩怨的、可預測的國際關係框架。 柯門斯,被譽為“國際法之父”,正是在這樣的背景下,以其劃時代的著作《論戰爭法與和平法》迴應瞭時代的呼喚。他試圖在混亂的國際關係中尋找秩序,即使在戰爭狀態下,也主張存在著超越國傢意誌的普遍性法理。他區分瞭“正義的戰爭”與“不正義的戰爭”,並探討瞭戰時與戰後行為的規範,為近代國際法的基本原則奠定瞭基石。他所倡導的“自然法”思想,賦予瞭國際法一種超越性的、基於理性的基礎,盡管這種理性是當時歐洲知識界所理解的特定形式的理性。柯門斯的工作,標誌著人類在試圖用法律和理性來約束國傢行為方麵邁齣瞭關鍵一步,盡管這一步在當時仍充滿瞭理想主義的色彩,離完全實現尚有距離。 緊隨其後的,是那些為實踐外交提供更具體指導的思想傢們。他們理解到,即使有瞭法律框架,國傢間的互動依然是復雜且充滿變數的。因此,發展一套能夠應對現實挑戰的外交策略,變得至關重要。這不僅僅是關於法律條文的解釋,更是關於如何理解他國意圖、如何構建聯盟、如何通過談判與協商來避免衝突、以及如何在維護國傢利益的同時,盡可能地促進普遍和平的藝術。 瓦泰勒的貢獻:主權國傢的體係與外交的藝術 瓦泰勒的《國傢之間的法,或處理和進行民族事務的原則》(Droit des gens, ou Principes de la loi naturelle appliqués à la conduite et aux affaires des nations)則將這些思考推嚮瞭一個新的高度。他更加係統地闡述瞭主權國傢作為國際關係的根本行為體的地位。在他看來,國際社會是由一係列獨立自主的主權國傢組成的,它們在享有最高權力的同時,也負有相應的國際義務。瓦泰勒的著作,是對當時歐洲現實國際政治格局的深刻反思與理論概括。他詳細論述瞭國傢的主權如何體現、國傢之間的權利如何保障、以及在不存在一個至高無上的世界政府的情況下,國傢應如何彼此交往。 瓦泰勒對“國傢利益”的理解,是其理論體係中的核心。但他並非鼓吹無限製的利己主義,而是強調在追求國傢利益的過程中,必須遵循一定的道德與法律原則,以避免陷入無休止的衝突。他對於“自然狀態”下的國傢交往,以及如何通過“公約”與“習慣”來構建國際法的具體內容,都進行瞭細緻的分析。尤其值得注意的是,瓦泰勒對於“中立”的討論,對於理解國傢在衝突中的定位與行為提供瞭重要的理論視角。他關於外交官的地位與特權,以及國傢如何通過派遣使節進行溝通的論述,更是為近代外交實踐提供瞭直接的指導。 更重要的是,瓦泰勒將外交視為一種“藝術”,一種需要高超智慧、敏銳洞察力和卓越溝通技巧的實踐。他深入剖析瞭談判的技巧,如何審慎地錶達立場,如何巧妙地迴應對方的提議,以及如何在維護尊嚴的同時,尋求互利的解決方案。他的思想,不僅僅是理論上的建構,更是對如何在復雜的國際舞颱上“說服”、“協調”與“妥協”的經驗總結。 超越時代局限:經典思想的現代價值 本書的選讀,旨在揭示柯門斯和瓦泰勒等早期思想傢所奠定的外交學基石,如何影響瞭後世的外交理論與實踐。盡管他們所處的時代背景與我們今天大不相同,但他們對國傢理性、國際秩序、法律約束以及外交藝術的思考,至今仍具有深刻的啓示意義。 柯門斯對於國際法治的堅定信念,提醒我們在全球化日益加深的今天,如何構建更具約束力、更有效率的國際法律體係,以應對跨國犯罪、環境汙染、網絡安全等全球性挑戰。他的思想,促使我們反思,當國傢利益與國際規範發生衝突時,我們應當如何抉擇。 瓦泰勒對主權國傢體係的精闢論述,為我們理解當今國際政治的復雜性提供瞭重要的分析工具。盡管國際組織和全球治理機製不斷發展,但主權國傢仍然是國際關係中最根本的行為體。如何理解國傢主權的邊界,如何平衡國傢利益與全球公共利益,如何處理國傢間在主權問題上的分歧,這些都是瓦泰勒思想留給我們的重要課題。 同時,瓦泰勒對外交實踐的精細描繪,更是提醒我們,即使在技術和信息爆炸的今天,外交的本質並未改變。理解他國文化、心理和戰略意圖,進行有效的溝通與談判,建立信任與閤作,依然是解決國際爭端、維護和平的關鍵。本書所呈現的,正是這種對國傢交往智慧的持續追求,是對如何在充滿不確定性的世界中,尋求穩定、公正與繁榮的永恒探索。 本書的意義:連接曆史與未來,照亮外交之路 本書精選的文本,不僅是學術研究的珍貴資料,更是對所有關注國際關係、緻力於國傢發展與世界和平的讀者,一次深刻的思想啓迪。我們希望通過對這些經典著作的解讀,能夠幫助讀者: 理解外交的“根”: 追溯外交思想的源流,認識到現代外交並非憑空而來,而是有著深厚的曆史積澱。 把握外交的“魂”: 洞察外交背後的理性邏輯與道德考量,理解國傢交往的深層驅動力。 掌握外交的“術”: 學習曆代外交傢與思想傢在實踐中提煉齣的智慧與技巧,提升分析與應對國際事務的能力。 展望外交的“途”: 在經典思想的指引下,思考當代中國外交麵臨的挑戰與機遇,以及如何在新時代塑造負責任的大國形象。 這不僅僅是一部關於外交理論的書籍,更是一部關於國傢生存與發展的智慧之書。它邀請我們一同踏上這段探尋國傢交往智慧的旅程,從曆史的深處汲取力量,為當下的抉擇提供指引,為未來的發展鋪設道路。通過理解這些經典,我們能夠更清晰地認識到,外交並非冷冰冰的政治博弈,而是一門關於如何理解人性、如何構建信任、如何化解衝突、以及如何共同創造一個更美好世界的藝術。