编辑推荐
★作者运用六大理论领域带你解读人类的人格!
★《人格心理学(第5版,英文版)》结构清晰,呈现新研究成果,理论与实践相结合,是该领域较好的一本当代人格心理学教科书!
★本书带领你开启理解自己、理解他人和理解世界之旅!
内容简介
一直以来,人格心理学不仅是心理学领域的重要分支,也是广大普通读者非常感兴趣的学科。人格心理学的发展已进入黄金发展期。在前面版本的基础上,作者在本书第5版中更新了最近几年人格心理学研究的新成果,并对内容重新修订,使得这一版本在语言和内容上更加精炼。
《人格心理学(第5版,英文版)》围绕人格功能的六个重要知识领域来组织架构,这有别于其他的人格心理学教科书,会给读者耳目一新的感觉,代表了当代人格心理学体系构建的新趋势。这六大领域分别是:特性领域(特质、特质分类和跨时间的人格特性)、生物学领域(生理、遗传和自我)、心理动力领域(心理动力和动机)、认知经验领域(认知、情绪和自我)、社会和文化领域(社会交互作用、性别和文化)以及调适领域(压力、应对、健康和动机)。
本书强调人格的整体性,注重不同领域间的联系性,在组织体系上具有新颖性。
本书既适合高等院校心理学专业的本科生、研究生和专家学者研读,也适合对人格心理学感兴趣的读者轻松阅读。
作者简介
兰迪·拉森(Randy J. Larsen),于1984年获得人格心理学博士学位。1992年被授予人格心理学学术新人杰出科学成就奖,于1987年获得美国心理健康国家研究院颁发的科学研究发展奖,2000年当选为美国中西部心理学会主席。
戴维·巴斯(David M. Buss),于1981年获得心理学博士学位。就职于哈佛大学和密歇根大学。1988年荣获美国心理学协会授予的人格心理学学术新人杰出科学成就奖,1990年被美国心理学授予G.Stanley Hall奖,2001年获得美国心理学协会颁发的杰出科学教授奖。
精彩书评
★这是市面上较好的一本当代人格心理学教科书。作者不但给学生提供了一本特别易懂和有趣的教材,还表达了自己对当代人格心理学的独到见解。
——迈克尔·鲍德温
美国弗雷斯诺加州州立大学
★《人格心理学》(第5版)是一本对心理学专业的师生以及其他专业的心理学爱好者很有用的书,因为它向我们呈现了一幅完整而丰富的人格图景。
—— 郭永玉
华中师范大学心理学院教授
目录
Brief Contents
INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction to Personality Psychology
2. Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design
PART I
The Dispositional Domain
3. Traits and Trait Taxonomies
4. the oretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology
5. Personality Dispositions over Time: Stability, Coherence, and Change
PART II
The Biological Domain
6. Genetics and Personality
7. Physiological Approaches to Personality
8. Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality
PART III
The Intrapsychic Domain
9. Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality
10. Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues
11. Motives and Personality
PART IV
The Cognitive/Experiential Domain
12. Cognitive Topics in Personality
13. Emotion and Personality
14. Approaches to the Self
PART V
The Social and Cultural Domain
15. Personality and Social Interaction
16. Sex, Gender, and Personality
17. Culture and Personality
PART VI
The Adjustment Domain
18. Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health
19. Disorders of Personality
CONCLUSION
20. Summary and Future Directions
Chapter
Introduction to Personality Psychology
Personality Defined
Personality Is the Set of Psychological Traits . . .
And Mechanisms . . .
Within the Individual . . .
That Are Organized and Relatively Enduring . . .
And That Influence . . .
His or Her Interactions with . . .
And Adaptations to . . .
The Environment
Three Levels of Personality Analysis
Human Nature
Individual and Group Differences
Individual Uniqueness
A Fissure in the Field
Grand Theories of Personality
Contemporary Research in Personality
Six Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature
Dispositional Domain
Biological Domain
Intrapsychic Domain
Cognitive-Experiential Domain
Social and Cultural Domain
Adjustment Domain
The Role of Personality theory
Standards for Evaluating Personality theories
Is h ere a Grand Ultimate and True theory of Personality?
Key Terms
Chapter
Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design
Sources of Personality Data
Self-Report Data (S-Data)
Observer-Report Data (O-Data)
Test Data (T-Data)
Life-Outcome Data (L-Data)
Issues in Personality Assessment
Evaluation of Personality Measures
Reliability
Response Sets
Validity
Generalizability
Research Designs in Personality
Experimental Methods
Correlational Studies
Case Studies
When to Use Experimental, Correlational, and Case Study Designs
Summary and Evaluation
Key Terms
PART I
The Dispositional Domain
……
精彩书摘
Aristotle,in The Nicomachean Ethics, expressed these wise observations on the subject of humor and people who do and do not indulge in it. In this quote we see Aristotle behaving much as a personality psychologist. Aristotle is analyzing the characteristics of persons who have an appropriate sense of humor, providing some details about what features are associated with a sense of humor. Aristotle adds to this description by comparing people who are extreme, having either too much or too little sense of humor. In his book on ethics, Aristotle described and analyzed many personality characteristics, including truthfulness, courage, intel-ligence, self-indulgence, anger proneness, and friendliness.
We might conclude that Aristotle was an amateur personality psychologist. But aren’t we all amateur personality psychologists to some extent? Aren’t we all curious about the characteristics people possess, including our own characteristics? Don’t we all use personality characteristics in describing people? And haven’t we all used personality characteristics to explain behavior, either our own or others’?When we say that our friend goes to a lot of parties because she is outgoing, we are using personality to explain her behavior. When we refer to another friend as conscien-tious and reliable, we are describing features of his personality. When we characterize ourselves as thoughtful, intelligent, and ambitious, we are describing features of our personalities.
Features of personality make people different from one another, and these features usually take the form of adjectives, such as John is lazy, Mary is optimistic, and Fred is anxious. Adjectives that can be used to describe characteristics of people are called trait-descriptive adjectives. There are nearly 20,000 such trait-descriptive adjectives in the English language. This astonishing fact alone tells us that, in everyday life, there are compelling reasons for trying to understand and describe those we interact with, as well as ourselves.
Notice that the adjectives describing personality refer to several very different as-pects of people. Words such as thoughtful refer to inner qualities of mind. Words such as charming and humorous refer to the effects a person has on other people. Words such as domineering are relational and signify a person’s position, or stance, toward others. Words such as ambitious refer to the intensity of desire to reach our goals. Words such as creative refer both to a quality of mind and to the nature of the products we produce. Words such as deceitful refer to the strategies a person uses to attain his or her goals.
All of these features describe aspects of personality.
Exercise? Think of someone you know well—say, a friend, family member, or roommate. Consider the many characteristics that make this person unique. List the ? ve adjectives you think best capture this person’s personality. For example, if you were to describe this person to someone, what ? ve adjectives would you use? Now, ask your target person to list the ? ve adjectives he or she thinks best describe him- or herself. Compare your lists.
……
前言/序言
We have devoted our lives to the study of personality and believe this i eld is one of the most exciting in all of psychology. Thus we were enormously gratii ed to see the volume of e-mails, letters, and comments from satisi ed consumers of our i rst, second, third, and fourth editions. At the same time, preparing the fi fth edition proved to be a humbling experience. The cascade of exciting publications in the field of personality is formidable, requiring not merely updating but also the addition of major sections of new material. Moreover, in important ways our first edition proved prescient.
Rather than organize our text around the traditional grand theories of personality, we devised a framework of six important domains of knowledge about personality func-tioning. These six domains are the dispositional domain (traits, trait taxonomies, and personality dispositions over time), the biological domain (physiology, genetics, evolution), the intrapsychic domain (psychodynamics, motives), the cognitive- experiential domain (cognition, emotion, and the self), the social and cultural domain (social interaction, gender, and culture), and the adjustment domain (stress, coping, health, and personality disorders). We believed these domains of knowledge represented the contemporary state of affairs in personality psychology, and progress in the field since publication of our first edition has continued to bear out that belief.
Our previous editions differed from other texts in the importance placed on culture, gender, and biology, and these areas of personality have shown substantial growth in recent years. But we have also been fascinated to witness the growth in each of the six major domains of personality that form the organizational core of the book.
We have always envisioned our text as a relection of the field. Our desire has always been to capture the excitement of what the science of personality is all about. For the fifth edition, we did our best to remain true to that vision. We believe that the field of personality psychology is now entering a golden age of sorts, and we hope that the changes we’ve made to the fifth edition convey a discipline that is vibrant in a way it never has been before. After all, no other field is devoted to the study of all that it means
to be human.
For this edition, each chapter has been streamlined through judicious trimming. This provided room for discussing new research conducted within the past three years and made the book a bit shorter and more economical. Significant additions to the fifth edition are described below.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Personality Psychology
Chapter 2: Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design
Chapter 3: Traits and Trait Taxonomies
New studies of act frequency analysis of extraverted acts
New observational studies of dominant acts in face-to-face interactions
New studies of trait measures predicting manifest behavior in everyday life
New information on circumplex models used to discover interpersonal sensitivities
New information on how extraverts tend to be physically stronger than introverts, in part because they engage in more vigorous and frequent physical activity
《人格心理学》(第5版,英文版)图书简介 一、 核心理念与发展脉络 《人格心理学》(第5版,英文版)是一本全面梳理和深入剖析人格这一核心心理学概念的权威著作。本书并非零散地罗列人格理论,而是以严谨的学术态度,清晰地勾勒出人格心理学自诞生以来,从早期哲学思辨到现代实证研究的发展脉络。它不仅仅是一本教材,更是一份深入理解人类复杂性与个体独特性宝贵指南。 本书着重于探究人格的本质——究竟是什么塑造了我们如此独特且相对稳定的思维、情感和行为模式?它挑战读者去思考,人格是天生的、固定不变的,还是后天学习、不断演变的?通过对历代重要人格理论的系统性介绍,本书揭示了不同理论家如何从各自独特的视角切入,试图解答这个古老而又常新的问题。从弗洛伊德的精神分析理论中对潜意识冲突的强调,到行为主义者对环境塑造的关注,再到人本主义者对自我实现潜能的肯定,直至认知-社会理论家对思想、情绪和行为交互作用的细致阐述,本书为读者构建了一个完整而多维的人格理论图景。 本书的价值在于其对这些理论的批判性审视。它不仅陈述了每个理论的核心观点,更对其进行了深入的分析,探讨了其优点、局限性以及在解释和预测人格现象方面的有效性。这种批判性的视角,能够帮助读者理解为何在人格心理学领域存在着如此多样的理论视角,以及这些理论是如何相互补充、相互挑战,共同推动着该学科的发展。 二、 主要理论流派的深入解析 本书对主要人格理论流派的阐述可谓详尽入微,力求让读者全面掌握不同学派的精髓。 精神分析取向: 著者们从西格蒙德·弗洛伊德的奠基性工作出发,深入探讨了本我、自我、超我的结构模型,以及潜意识、压抑、防御机制等核心概念。本书会详细阐述这些概念如何影响个体的行为和心理健康,并介绍弗洛伊德之后,如卡尔·荣格、阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒、卡伦·霍尼等后弗洛伊德主义者在理论上的发展与修正,例如荣格的集体无意识和原型,阿德勒的自卑情结和生活风格,以及霍尼对社会文化因素的强调。 特质理论: 本部分聚焦于那些试图描述和测量人格稳定性维度(特质)的理论。读者将接触到早期特质理论的代表,如戈登·奥尔波特的人格特质分类,以及更具影响力的因素分析模型,特别是汉斯·艾森克的内外倾、神经质和精神质的维度,以及更近代的“大五”人格特质模型(开放性、尽责性、外倾性、宜人性、神经质)。本书会深入剖析这些特质如何通过问卷和实证研究来评估,并探讨其在不同情境下的表现和预测价值。 生物学取向: 随着神经科学和遗传学的发展,生物学在人格研究中的作用日益凸显。本书将探讨遗传因素如何影响人格特质,包括基因与环境的交互作用。此外,它还会介绍神经生理学基础,例如不同大脑区域的活动与特定人格特征的关系,以及激素和神经递质在情绪和行为调节中的作用。 行为主义与社会学习理论: 这一章节会回顾了行为主义者如斯金纳对学习规律(如操作性条件反射)如何塑造人格的观点,并重点阐述了阿尔伯特·班杜拉的社会学习理论(后发展为社会认知理论)。班杜拉强调观察学习、替代性强化、自我效能感以及个体的能动性在人格发展中的关键作用。本书会展示这些理论如何解释个体在不同社会情境下行为模式的形成和改变。 人本主义心理学: 亚伯拉罕·马斯洛的需求层次理论和卡尔·罗杰斯的人格理论是这一部分的核心。本书将重点介绍人本主义心理学对人类潜能、自我实现、积极成长以及个体主观体验的强调。罗杰斯的“以人为中心”疗法以及其关于“理想自我”与“真实自我”一致性的观点,将得到深入的阐释,为理解个体的积极心理和成长动力提供独特的视角。 认知-社会理论: 这一现代取向将人格视为个体认知过程、情感、行为与环境因素动态交互的结果。本书将详细介绍诸如米歇尔等学者的观点,他们强调情境对行为的影响,并探讨认知图式、归因风格、期望、目标和信念等人格构成要素。本书还会介绍将认知活动视为核心的人格理论,如乔治·凯利的个人建构理论。 三、 人格的评估与研究方法 《人格心理学》(第5版,英文版)不仅关注理论,更重视人格研究的实践层面。本书会详细介绍多种人格评估的方法,包括: 自陈量表(Self-Report Inventories): 如明尼苏达多项人格调查表(MMPI)、卡特尔16PF量表、大五人格问卷等。本书将探讨这些量表的信度和效度,以及它们在临床诊断、职业咨询和人力资源管理等领域的应用。 投射测验(Projective Tests): 如罗夏墨迹测验、主题统觉测验(TAT)等。本书会讨论这些测验的理论基础,以及它们在探索无意识冲突和深层心理动力方面的潜力,同时也会审视其在科学性方面面临的争议。 行为观察(Behavioral Observation): 包括自然情境观察和实验室情境下的行为评估。本书会介绍如何设计观察方案,以及如何对观察结果进行分析,以获得更客观的人格信息。 访谈(Interviews): 结构化访谈、半结构化访谈和非结构化访谈在人格评估中的作用。 此外,本书还将深入探讨人格研究中的主要研究方法,包括: 相关研究(Correlational Studies): 解释如何通过分析变量之间的关系来探索人格特征与特定结果之间的联系。 实验研究(Experimental Studies): 介绍如何通过操纵自变量来探究因果关系,例如环境因素对人格表现的影响。 纵向研究(Longitudinal Studies): 强调其在追踪人格发展和稳定性方面的价值。 案例研究(Case Studies): 强调其在深入理解个体案例中的独特性和复杂性。 本书还会讨论在人格研究中面临的伦理问题,以及如何确保研究的科学性和严谨性。 四、 人格与生活各个层面的联系 本书的价值不仅在于理论的梳理和方法的介绍,更在于其将人格心理学与个体生活的方方面面紧密联系起来。 健康与福祉: 探讨不同人格特质与心理健康、生理健康以及应对压力的能力之间的关系。例如,较高的尽责性是否与更健康的生活方式相关?神经质是否是焦虑和抑郁的重要预测因子? 人际关系: 分析人格特征如何影响个体的沟通方式、亲密关系的发展、冲突解决策略以及社会支持网络的形成。 职业生涯: 探讨人格与职业兴趣、职业满意度、工作绩效以及领导力之间的关联。本书将帮助读者理解为何某些人格类型更适合某些职业,以及如何通过了解自己的人格来做出更明智的职业选择。 社会与文化: 审视社会文化背景如何塑造人格,以及不同文化中人格表达的差异。本书会探讨文化价值观、社会规范以及社会群体对个体人格发展的影响。 人格发展与改变: 关注人格在生命周期中的演变,探讨童年经历、教育、生活事件等因素如何影响人格的形成和发展。同时,本书也会探讨人格在成年后是否能够改变,以及改变的可能性和机制。 五、 总结与展望 《人格心理学》(第5版,英文版)以其内容的系统性、理论的全面性、研究方法的严谨性以及应用的广泛性,为读者提供了一个深入、透彻地理解人格的权威平台。本书不仅是心理学专业学生和研究者的必备参考书,对于任何希望深入了解自我、理解他人、提升生活质量的读者而言,都将是一次富有启发和价值的阅读旅程。通过本书,读者将能够培养批判性思维,认识到人格的复杂性和动态性,并最终更好地认识和塑造自己。