具体描述
内容简介
这是迄今为止我国系统、全面反映中美两国关系史的一部力作。《中美关系史》是从1784年美国商船“中国皇后号”远航广州到2013年6月领导人同奥巴马举行庄园会晤为止的中美关系的通史性著作。 全书根据中美双方的资料,简明扼要地叙述了悠长岁月中的两国关系,展现了两国关系极其丰富又错综复杂的图景;通过对这一时期两国间重大事件的叙述,展示了中美两国外交政策的决策过程及影响双方决策的种种国内和国际因素,以及两国外交政策对世界的影响。展示了双方经过多年的磨合、冲撞,从扶持、对抗走向和解、共同前进的脉络。书中不少值得重视的观点是根据重要的档案资料所得出,这对理解中美关系提供了一个新视角。 作者简介
Tao Wenzhao, born at east China's Zhejiang Province, February 1943, is an honorary academician of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and senior fellow of the Institute of American Studies.He served as the deputy director at the Institute and as secretary general of the Chinese Association of American Studies from 1994 to 2003. His publications include A History of Sino-American Relations (1911-2000) (in three volumes), China's Foreign Relations During the China's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (co-author), US' China Poficy After the End of the Cold War (co-author),American Think-tanks and US' China Policy After the End of the Cold War (co-author). 精彩书评
★Tao is a conscientious scholar who tries to stick to the facts.But it is a Chinese version often based on Chinese sourcessome unfamiliar to American historians and as such should prove enlightening to readers in the United States.
——Warren I. Cohen
★The publication of this history in English will make it more accessible to American readers who are generally unfamiliar with how US history is taught in Chinese schools. Serious readers will gain an improved multidimensional understanding of the historical interactions between China and the United States that can provide a better base for managing the bilateral relationship in the future.
——J. Stapleton Roy
★With this superb volume Professor Tao Wenzhao has created a keystone in the intellectual edifie of an informed balanced and historically grounded understanding of U.S.-China relations. He stands with an exceptionally small group of scholars in both China and America who have a command of the history between our two countries and is simultaneously able to extract from that complex flow of events the essential lessons for the management of this critical
relationship.
——David M. Lampton 目录
Chapter 1 Exchanges
1.1 Early Trade and Cultural Exchanges
1.2 The Treaty of Wanghia and the Establishment of
Relations Between China and the U.S.
1.3 Controversy over the Burlingame Treaty
1.4 Exclusion of Chinese and the Issue of Chinese Labor in the United States
Chapter 2 The Open—door Policy and Its Implementation
2.1 The Open—door Policy: The Gap Between Policy and Pracuce
2.2 The United States and the 1911 Revolution
2.3 The Paris Peace Conference: A Proud Day for Chinese
Chapter 3 The Washington Conference: The United States and Wars and Revolution in China
3.1 The Washington Conference and Setding of the Shandong Issue
3.2 The United States, Wars and Revolution in China in the 1920s
3.3 The U.S.and the Nanjing Nationalist Government
Chapter 4 The 1930s: Toward a China—U.S.Alliance Against Japanese Aggression
4.1 From Liutiao Lake to Marco Polo Bridge
4.2 The Nationalist Government “Clings Onin Hope of Rescue”
4.3 Toward an Alliance Against Japanese Aggression
4.4 The Early War Period, CPC Non—Governmental Contacts with the U.S.
Chapter 5 Wartime Allies
5.1 The Rocky Road of Military Cooperation
5.2 Building a Special Relationship
5.3 The U.S.Army Observer Section in Yan'an
5.4 Shift in U.S.Policy Toward China
5.5 The Yalta Conference, the United States and the Sino—Soviet Treaty
Chapter 6 U.S.Involvement in China's Civil War
6.1 The Marshall Mediation
6.2 The China Aid Act of 1948
6.3 Toward Confrontation
Chapter 7 The Age of Confrontation and Isolation
7.1 Confrontation in Korea
7.2 American Containment of China
7.3 Two Crises in the Taiwan Strait
7.4 China—U.S.Ambassadorial Talks
Chapter 8 A Slow Thaw
8.1 Changes in China's Diplomacy
8.2 Adjustmentin U.S.Policy Toward China
8.3 A Historic Handshake
Chapter 9 Difficult Normalization
9.1 Stagnation
9.2 Normalization
9.3 The Taiwan Relations Act
9.4 The Birth of the August 17 Communique
9.5 China Reiterates Its Independent Foreign Policy
Chapter 10 Renormalization of China—U.S.Relations in the Post Cold War Era
10.1 U.S.Pressure Follows 1989 Turmoilin Beijing
10.2 Drastic Changes Across the Taiwan Strait
10.3 Heads of State Visits
10.4 Disaster Out of the Blue
10.5 China's Accession to the WTO and U.S.Legislation on PNTR for China
Chapter 11 China—U.S.Relations in the New Century
11.1 Establishing Constructive and Cooperative Relations
11.2 Maintaining Stability in the Taiwan Strait Region
11.3 Continuing to Promote Mutually Beneficial and Win—Win Trade and Economic Relations
11.4 Cooperation on Regional and International Issues
Conclusion Toward a New Model of Major—Country Relationship
Index 精彩书摘
《中美关系史(英文版)》:
Two, the treaty stipulated that the people of both countries could enroll in all Hnds of offiaal schools operated by the other side, and were eligible for most favored nation treatment, and both sides could set up schools in the other's country. This provision was closely related to the previous one. For decades, American missionaries had labored hard under unfavorable conditions in China,with little success. The American church deemed that by running
schools they could attfact more people, especially influencing the upper-level intellectuals. The inculcation of Western culture through education was the basis on which to "Christianize" China, so they laid special emphasis on schools. In 1869, there were 4,389 students in Christian schools in China; by 1876 the number had increased to 5,917, mostly students in the American church system. At the same time, the Burlingame Treaty also stimulated the Qing government into sending young people to study in the United States. In 1860 and again in 1870, Yung Wing proposed dispatching students to study there. Prompted by the needs of the Westernization Movement, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and others lent their support to this proposition. Between 1872 and 1875, the Qing government sent Zhan Tianyou and others, 120 young people in all, to the United States. These were China's first modern exchange students sent at state expense, and the initiative signaled the start of China's large-scale direct learning from the West. On their return to China,these pioneer overseas students played important roles in Chinese shipbuilding, railways, mining, machinery manufacturing, and in the telecommunications sector, becoming China's first generation of industrial technical experts.Three, the treaty provided for freedom of movement between the two peoples at any time, removing prohibitions oti traveling,trading or residing overseas. In this it went a step further than the relevant provisions of the Convention of Peking, and it meant that the United States could expand its recruitment of Chinese laborers.At the same time, this provision also guaranteed legal status for Chi-
nese laborers in the United States. Prior to this treaty, Chinese laborers in the United States were not guaranteed a legal status. They were to lose that protection again in 1882, when the U.S. Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. Chinese laborers in the U.S. actually enjoyed the protection of the law for just a dozen or so years.The positive significance of the Burlingame Treaty in this regard should not be overlooked.The Burlingame mission was the first diplomatic mission of late Qing Chinal dispatched to the West according to Western diplomatic convention. It showed the Qing government moving one step
closer to the international community and to Western diplomacy,and was an important development in the evolution of modern Chinese diplomacy An important breakthrough of the Burlingame mission was to shake Chinese diplomatic ritual, and signaled the collapse of the traditional system that the Chinese treated other nations or tribes as barbarians. The Burlingame Treaty can be described as an international treaty equal in form and content signed between
China and Western countries under conditions of relative peace for the first time since the Opium War, and by China for the first time as a sovereign state rather than as the vanquished party. Of course,the balance of power between the Qing government and the foreign powers and the United States determined that in an ostensibly equal treaty, the Chinese, as the weaker party, had unequal rights and fulfilled unequal obligations; therefore, in essence, this treaty too was one-sided. Another positive effect of the Burlingame Treaty on
…… 前言/序言
《世界格局变迁中的中日关系史:从江户时代到平成时代》 导言:历史的镜像与地缘的张力 自古以来,东亚地缘政治格局的稳定与否,很大程度上取决于中国与日本这两个核心大国之间的互动模式。本书旨在梳理自德川幕府开创的江户时代,直至平成时代末期,中日两国关系在漫长历史周期中的演变轨迹、深层驱动因素及其对世界历史进程产生的关键影响。我们摒弃将历史简单地线性叙事,而是聚焦于两国在不同历史阶段如何感知、定义和应对彼此的存在,以及外部世界环境(如西方列强的东来、冷战的格局)如何重塑了双边关系的形态。 本书将中日关系置于全球权力转移的宏大背景下进行考察。不同于聚焦于特定条约或事件的叙事,我们力图揭示隐藏在外交辞令与军事冲突之下的文化认知、经济结构差异以及民族心理的张力。我们相信,理解当下的中日关系,必须回溯至数百年前的初始接触点,探究历史遗留的“记忆碎片”是如何塑造当代决策者的战略视野的。 第一部分:江户时代的“想象中的邻邦” (1603-1853) 江户时代是日本“锁国”政策的鼎盛期,也是中国经历清朝由盛转衰的关键阶段。然而,“锁国”并非意味着完全的隔绝。本部分将深入剖析在官方限制下,民间层面的文化、技术和商业交流是如何悄然维系的。 一、儒家思想的再阐释与本土化 日本学界对中国(明清)儒家经典的吸收远非被动的接受。我们将考察江户时代“朱子学”如何被水户学、古学派等学说所批判和改造,形成独特的日本国家主义哲学基础。这种对中国文化源流的“选择性继承”,为后来的“脱亚入欧”思想提供了潜在的理论资源。重点分析伊藤仁斋、荻生徂徕等人对中国经典的批判性解读,以及这些解读如何与幕府的统治结构相互作用。 二、有限的海上通道与商业渗透 尽管官方严格控制,长崎的出岛(Dejima)成为观察和引入“荷兰学”(Rangaku)的唯一窗口。荷兰人带来的不仅是科学技术,还有关于世界地缘政治的碎片化信息。我们将分析清朝对琉球(先期纳入中国朝贡体系,后被萨摩藩侵占)以及虾夷地(北海道)的有限认知,以及这些认知如何影响其对日本整体战略地位的判断。德川幕府对“夷人”的统一管理策略,实际上在无意中强化了日本的中央集权和对外部信息流的控制。 三、社会阶层的视角差异 商人阶层、武士阶层与知识分子对中国的认知存在显著差异。武士阶层可能将中国视为一个衰弱的宗主国形象,以彰显自身武力与“尚武精神”的优越性;而部分汉学家则沉浸于对古典中国的崇敬之中。这些内部的认知矛盾,为明治维新后日本对华政策的激进转变埋下了伏笔。 第二部分:近代化的冲撞与权力的重构 (1854-1945) 本部分是中日关系史上最剧烈动荡的时期,伴随着日本的迅速工业化和中国的长期内部分裂。我们着重分析近代化路径的选择如何决定了两国的冲突模式。 一、明治维新的“中国镜像” 明治维新初期,日本积极学习西方的同时,依然将中国视为其“东方榜样”的对立面。分析《征韩劝告》(江藤新平/板垣退助的早期主张)如何将解决“中国问题”视为“解决日本问题”的前提。重点剖析甲午战争的战略意图,并非仅仅是控制朝鲜半岛,更是对东亚霸权地位的最终宣示,以及战后日本知识分子对中国“沉沦”原因的深刻反思(如福泽谕吉的论调)。 二、帝国主义扩张与文化霸权的坍塌 二十世纪初,列强瓜分中国的背景下,日本的侵略活动呈现出不同于西方列强的特点:它利用了已有的文化联系,进行“以华制华”的策略,并在意识形态上试图构建“大东亚共荣圈”。我们将细致考察“二十一条”的谈判细节,以及日俄战争后日本对自身“亚洲领导者”角色的自我定位。研究伪满洲国建立的过程,不仅是领土的侵占,更是日本对中国现代国家建构模式进行的一次扭曲性实验。 三、知识界的挣扎与反思 在帝国主义浪潮下,中国知识分子对日本的态度经历了从“效法”到“警惕”的剧变。考察五四运动前后,中国留日学生群体对日本国内政治斗争(如大正民主运动)的关注,以及他们如何反过来批判日本军国主义的兴起,并试图将这些经验应用于中国的革命实践中。 第三部分:战后重构与冷战的阴影 (1945-1989) 二战的结束并未带来直接的和解,而是被冷战的超级大国竞争所重塑。本部分关注两国如何在外部结构压力下,实现关系正常化,并在经济上形成相互依赖。 一、战后处理与“政冷经热”的萌芽 战后,日本在美国的占领下,其对华政策被严格限制。分析周恩来政府在处理对日赔偿问题上的审慎态度,以及这种克制背后的战略考量——即为未来关系正常化留下空间。我们将探讨田中角荣访华的突破性意义,它标志着对“一个中国”原则的现实接受,以及中日经济合作的正式启动。 二、经济飞地的建立与“雁阵模式” 七十年代末期,中国开始改革开放,日本迅速成为中国最主要的经济援助国和技术输入国。本书将运用“雁阵模式”理论,分析日本的中小企业如何率先进入中国市场,以及这种经济依赖性如何在一定程度上抵消了政治上的敏感性。重点分析亚洲经济圈形成过程中,日本资本对中国沿海地区工业化的推动作用。 三、历史认识与民间交流的复杂性 尽管官方关系趋于稳定,历史问题依然是双边关系的潜在地雷。本部分将对比分析两国在官方历史教科书中的表述差异,以及民间社会(特别是老兵群体和青年学生)在历史记忆传承上的冲突与和解尝试。 第四部分:全球化、民族主义与新世纪的挑战 (1990-2013) 柏林墙倒塌和苏联解体后,冷战的外部约束消失,中日关系开始更多地受到国内政治、民族主义情绪高涨以及全球经济权力转移的影响。 一、泡沫经济破裂后的战略焦虑 日本在九十年代失去“经济火车头”的地位,对中国经济的崛起产生了复杂的混合情感——既有市场机会的期待,也有被超越的焦虑。分析日本政府在安全政策上对美国依赖的加深,以及这种依赖如何影响其在东海、台湾问题上的立场。 二、民族主义的周期性爆发 本部分重点研究进入二十一世纪以来,中日两国国内民族主义情绪是如何被媒体、互联网和政治事件(如靖国神社参拜、钓鱼岛/尖阁诸岛争端)所激化的。我们将探讨两国领导层在应对国内民族主义压力时,如何进行风险评估和策略调整。 三、海洋争端与国际法框架下的博弈 东海油气田的勘探和对领土主权的坚持,成为新世纪两国摩擦的最前沿。分析中日双方在国际法(如《联合国海洋法公约》)框架下进行论辩和展示实力的策略,以及这种争端如何反映了双方在全球海洋秩序重建过程中的不同诉求。 结论:历史、认知与未来走向 本书总结认为,中日关系史是一部关于“相互误读”与“被迫适应”的历史。每一次重大的历史转折点,都伴随着一方对另一方战略意图的错误判断。展望至2013年,两国关系正处于一个关键的结构性调整期:中国的经济和军事实力已使日本无法再以“优势者”的姿态进行互动。未来中日关系的稳定,将不再依赖于外部力量(如美国因素)的约束,而更取决于双方能否在共同的文化遗产基础上,建立起一套更为成熟、能够有效管理分歧的“共存规范”。 本书主要参考了日本外务省档案、中国外交部解密文件(如允许公开的部分)、以及大量的日本学者如细谷昌彦、入江启吉、原田敬一等人的专业研究,旨在提供一个立足于东亚视角,避免西方中心论解读的深度历史分析。